Green Community Challenge 2011 Helping Norfolk Communities Save

Green Community Challenge 2011 Helping Norfolk Communities Save Energy 14 th July 2011 Can our Communities • • Reduce Energy demand, Cut Carbon Emissions, Improve Energy Security, Save Money and the Planet, All at the same time? Can it be that simple? Keith Tovey (杜伟贤) MA, Phd, CEng MICE, Cenv Reader Emeritus in Environmental Sciences, Norwich Business School 1

Potentials for Saving Money and the Planet • In next 10 years the issues of Energy Security and Carbon Reduction of Energy Supply must be addressed through: • Energy Efficiency Reduction in Energy Use • Energy Management • Low Carbon Electricity Production Moving from high carbon fuels: coal, oil, gas An important component to consider now to because of inaction on renewables and • Nuclear conservation in past - but will not be available • Renewables until 2019 at earliest Available now but financial support needed for small scale and emerging technologies. • Carbon Capture and Sequestration Will not be available on scale required until 2025 at the earliest. 2

Energy Security is a potentially critical issue for the UK Gas Production and Demand in UK Import Gap Prices have become much more volatile since UK is no longer self sufficient in gas. On 7 th/8 th December 2010: UK Production was only 39%: 12% from storage and 49% from imports Completion of Langeled Gas UK becomes net Line to Norway importer of gas Oil reaches $140 a barrel 3

Variation in Wholesale and Retail Electriity Prices 700 Electricity Indicies: 2001 = 100 600 wholesale retail 500 400 • In recent years, electricity retail prices have varied much less than wholesale prices and have also risen less. 300 200 100 0 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 • In Real Terms, Electricity Prices have only recently returned to 1981 levels 2011 120 Real Retail Price Variations in Electricity (1981=100) 100 80 60 40 20 0 1981 1991 2001 2011 4

Opportunities to Reduce Energy Demand: A Case Study Awareness Raising and Good Record Keeping can result in significant savings St Paul’s Church, Tuckswood Pilot Lights turned off during week Pilot Lights £ 9 per week Pilot lights off Heated by 3 warm air heaters New Strategy: pilot lights off throughout summer and used strategically in winter resulted in an annual saving of: 5400 k. Wh of gas; 1030 kg of CO 2 ; and a monetary saving of £ 260 Or a percentage saving of 38% 5

Reducing Energy Demand: Raising Awareness Data courtesy of Karla Alcantar • Social Attitudes have a profound effect on actual electricity consumption • For a given size of household electricity consumption for appliances [NOT HEATING or HOT WATER or COOKING] can vary by as much as 9 times. • Significant savings in money can arise from effective awareness raising • When income levels are accounted for, variation is still 6 times 6

Reducing Energy Demand: Raising Awareness • A tumble dryer uses 4 times as much energy as a washing machine. Using it 5 times a week will cost ~ £ 100 a year just for this appliance alone and emit over half a tonne of CO 2. • 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon. • A Mobile Phone charger: > 10 k. Wh per year ~ 500 balloons each year. • Standby on electrical appliances up to 20 - 150+ k. Wh a year - 7500 balloons. (up to £ 15 a year) • A Toyota Corolla (1400 cc): 1 party balloon every 60 m. • Filling up with petrol (~£ 55 for a full tank – 40 litres) At Gao’an No 1 Primary School in Xuhui District, Shanghai ----- 90 kg of CO 2 (5% of one hot air balloon) 上海徐汇区高第一小学 How far does one have to drive in a small family car (e. g. 1400 cc Toyota Corolla) to emit as much carbon dioxide as heating an old persons room for 1 hour? School children at the Al Fatah University, 1. 6 miles Tripoli, Libya 7

The best strategies to save energy, carbon and money in the home This software will be available for you to explore options for your own home during the breaks 8

What are the best strategies in the home? Basic House No Insulation £ 1788 100 mm Loft Insulation and Cylinder Jacket. £ 1491 300 mm Loft Insulation £ 1465 Double Glazing £ 1299 Cavity Insulation £ 1196 All Strategies £ 796 Try out you own home on the software during the breaks. 9

What are the best strategies in the home? Using a tumble dryer 4 times a week can cost £ 100 a year 10

Incentives for Renewable Energy Electricity Renewable Obligation: • From 1 st April 2002. Sets targets which all suppliers must meet – otherwise they are fined for non-compliance (Buy Out). The fines are recycled to those bodies who held certificates (ROCs) of Renewable Generation. Currently worth around £ 0. 3 billion. • These “Buy-out Fines” are inflating unit price of electricity by around 0. 1 p or 0. 5 -1. 0%. • Used by both large scale - and small scale generators until 1 st April 2010 Feed in Tariff: • From 1 st April 2010 all small generators < 50 k. W were transferred to the Feed In Tariff (FIT) Scheme as were all new small schemes. Medium sized schemes can opt to be in FIT or RO scheme. Large schemes can only be in RO. 11

Feed in Tariff • The Renewable Obligation encounters risk and much paperwork for small potential generator • Led to Introduction of Feed in Tariff from 1 st April 2010. • A fixed amount is paid per unit and guaranteed for up to 25 years. However – schemes installed later will get less • BUT General Capital Grants are generally no longer available • Payment is for electricity generated whether it is actually exported to grid on consumed on premises. A frequently asked Question • Will I have electricity when there is a power cut – assuming of course the sun is shining (if I have solar) or the wind is blowing (if I have a wind turbine)? • NO!! – unless you have facilities for both “Island Mode Operation” and Grid Connection generator. which can be very expensive for the small 12

Incentives for Renewable Energy Low Carbon Non-Electricity Options • Heating - [Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) – from June 2011 – domestic from 2012] • • Heat Pumps Biofuel options for boilers Biomass Solar Thermal Will be available retrospectively to those schemes installed after July 2009. • Transport - [Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO)] • Biofuels: Biodiesel and Bioethanol Obligation on all suppliers to include a given percentage of biofuels in petrol and diesel • Electric Vehicles • Fuel Cells 13

The Technologies - Solar Photo. Voltaic (Electricity) 2. 16 k. Wp ~ 16 sqm (Suffolk) Estimated annual performance ~ output 1650 k. Wh ~ income £ 735 3. 70 k. Wp - ~ 25 sqm (Wales) Estimated annual performance ~ output 3000 k. Wh ~ income £ 1340 Most electricity generators provide DC power and inverters are needed to convert to AC with connection to the GRID – such inverters consume some electricity ~ seasonal efficiency ~ 92%. 14

Other Feed in Tariff Technologies Building Mounted - ~ 1 k. W machines ~ generally poor performance because of turbulence Vertical Axis machine – better in turbulence Mast mounted away from buildings - 6 k. W Potential output 6000 – 12000 k. Wh depending on location Replaces normal boiler Provides heat and electricity – would normally run on gas Micro CHP Micro-Hydro (Itteringham Mill) 5. 5 k. W: annual output depends on flow 12000 – 18000 k. Wh 15

Feed in Tariff • Payments range from 4. 7 p per k. Wh to 43. 3 p per k. Wh depending on technology and capacity of generator. – e. g. for small scale retro-fitted solar, the payment would be 43. 3 p for k. Wh generator and guaranteed for 25 years, but new entrants from 1 st April 2012 will get 37. 8 p • An additional 3 p per k. Wh is paid for any electricity surplus to demand which is exported currently assumed to be 50% in domestic situations >>>44. 85 p per k. Wh for PV – In addition householder will benefit from reduced consumption so effective benefit is ~ 56 p per k. Wh • FIT amounts to a renewable incentive of ~39 p per k. Wh and £ 742 per tonne of CO 2 ( assuming current wholesale price of ~ 5 p) • Nearly 8 times the subsidy for wind generation under the ROC scheme 16

Feed in Tariffs – Introduced 1 st April 2010 Energy Source Scale Anaerobic digestion Hydro Micro-CHP***** ≤ 250 k. W >500 k. W ≤ 15 k. W >15 - 100 k. W >100 k. W - 2 MW >2 k. W - 5 MW <2 k. W To 31/03/11 11. 5 9 19. 9 17. 8 11 4. 5 10 Solar PV ≤ 4 k. W new ≤ 4 k. W retrofit >4 -10 k. W >10 - 50 k. W 36. 1 41. 3 36. 1 31. 4 37. 8 43. 3 37. 8 32. 9 31. 4 29. 3 34. 5 26. 7 24. 1 18. 8 9. 4 4. 5 9 3 32. 9 30. 7 36. 2 28. 0 25. 3 19. 7 9. 9 4. 7 9. 4 3. 1 Solar PV >50 -150 k. W Solar PV >150 -250 k. W Solar PV >250 k. W - 5 MW Solar PV Standalone Wind ≤ 1. 5 k. W Wind >1. 5 - 15 k. W Wind >15 - 100 k. W Wind >100 - 500 k. W Wind >500 k. W - 1. 5 MW Wind >1. 5 MW - 5 MW Existing generators transferred from RO Export Tariff From 01/04/11 12. 1 9. 4 20. 9 18. 7 11. 5 4. 7 10. 5 From 01/07/11 14. 0 13. 0 Duration (years) 20 20 20 10 25 25 19. 0 15. 0 8. 5 25 25 20 20 20 to 2027 ***** for first 30000 installations 17

Solar Rosette Diagram for East Anglia Tilt 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 TILT 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 0 N 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 30 55 60 65 60 NE 70 75 80 85 90 90 E 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 120 150 SE 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 180 210 240 S SW Azimuth Colour key: Figures show percentage output in particular orientation relative to maximum Optimum orientation is 35 degrees tilt and Azimuth 190 i. e. 10 degrees west of South 250 255 260 265 270 275 270 W <20 20 -30 30 -40 40 -50 50 -60 285 290 295 300 305 300 315 320 325 330 335 330 NW 60 -70 70 -80 80 -90 90 -100 340 345 350 355 360 N

Solar Thermal: The Broadsol Project k. Wh per day Overall Solar Energy Gain Solar Collectors installed 27 th January 2004 Annual solar collection 750910 k. Wh/annum 5, 0 4, 5 4, 0 3, 5 3, 0 2, 5 2, 0 1, 5 1, 0 0, 5 0, 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 19

The Future of FITs. . . From the National Infra-Structure Plan 2010 following Comprehensive Spending Review The Government will (para 4. 18): • Support investment in low carbon energy supply by: maintaining Feed-In Tariffs for small-scale generation, funded through an obligation on electricity suppliers equating to a levy of almost £ 900 million over the period to 2014 -15. At the same time, the efficiency of Feed-In Tariffs will be improved at the next formal review [2012], rebalancing them in favour of more cost effective carbon abatement technologies. Equivalent to 2. 5% per household over and above changes in normal electricity prices rises. May be an issue for PV as carbon abatement using PV is >£ 700 per tonne saved way above many other strategies cf ~£ 95 for wind, <£ 20 for cavity insulation For complete information see Section 4 of http: //www. hm-treasury. gov. uk/d/nationalinfrastructureplan 251010. pdf 20

• • Conclusions Current Renewable Electricity in UK is saving around 12 Mtonnes of CO 2 a year. The Renewable Obligation is increasing electricity bills by around 1%, levied on all consumers. PV solutions are NOT the most cost effective way to reduce carbon ~ £ 750 per tonne for small scale PV; ~ £ 95 large onshore wind; ~ < £ 20 for cavity insulation The Feed in Tariff will see a further increase in bills, but will provide an income for those installing PV, etc as well as reduced electricity consumption. BUT those not installing will see their bills go up disproportionately. There is a greater return on capital if size of scheme is matched with demand. If you want to take advantage – do so before 1 st April 2012 – but waiting lists are up to 3 months. 21