GREEN BUILDINGS VANKIRI MADHU M Tech Assistant professor

GREEN BUILDINGS VANKIRI MADHU, M. Tech. Assistant professor Department of Civil Engineering R. G. M. C. E. T. Nandyal - 518501 E-mail : vmadhu 414@gmail. com 1 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Ø I n d i a , Introduction 3 0 t o 4 0 % 2 o VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Introduction (Contd. . . ) 3 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Fundamental principles of Green Buildings Ø Structure design efficiency Ø Energy efficiency Ø Water efficiency Ø Materials efficiency Ø Waste and toxic reduction 4 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Fundamental principles of Green Buildings Ø Structural design efficiency: • It is the concept of sustainable building and has largest impact on cost and performance • It aims to minimize the environment impact associated with all lifecycles Ø Energy efficiency: • The layout of the construction can be strategised so that natural light pours for additional wamth • Shading the roof with trees offers an eco-friendly alternative to air conditioning 5 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Fundamental principles of Green Buildings Ø Water efficiency: • To minimize water consumption one should aim to use the water which has been collected, used, purified and reused Ø Material efficiency: • Material should be use that can be recycled and generate surplus amount of energy • an examples of this are solar power panels, not only they provide lightening but they are also a useful energy source Ø Waste and toxic reduction: • it is probable to reuse resources • what may be waste to us may have another benefit to something else 6 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Concept of Energy Efficient Building 7 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Use of Technologies for making a building energy efficient 8 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Whole Design of energy efficient building • Architectural design/Site planning • Lighting design • HVAC design • Energy management and control design • Water system design 9 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

ØB i o c l i m a t i c a r c h i t Architectural design & Site planning 10 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Ø B u i l d i n g s Architectural design & Site planning i n c o l d c l i m 11 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

T h e Lighting Design p a s s i v e s o l a r p r a c 12 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Lighting Design 13 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning • The main purpose of commercial HVAC (Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning) systems is to provide the people working inside the building with “conditioned “ air. • "Conditioned" air means that air is clean and odour-free, and the temperature, humidity, and movement of the air are within certain comfort ranges • Systems may be clustered at a central location and serve an entire campus of buildings • Locate system away from acoustically sensitive areas of the building • Selecting efficient air conditioning based on your climate. • Selecting the proper type of and efficient heating system for your climate • Designing and sealing air distribution systems properly. 14 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning • Replace CFC-based refrigerant. • Consider non-refrigerant based cooling such as evaporative cooling in dryer climates. • Consider photovoltaic, solar thermal, geothermal, wind, biomass, and biogas energy technologies • Sophisticated Electrical Management Systems, Building Automation Systems or Direct Digital Control systems inherently include most of the required monitoring points. • Combine carbon dioxide monitors with demand based ventilation. • Consider adjustable under floor air diffusers, or thermostat controlled VAV boxes. 15 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning 16 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Energy management system • Photovoltaic (Solar electric) is a device which produce free electrons when exposed to light resulting in power generation. • Photovoltaic does not release any of the green house gases when in use. • Photovoltaic uses a nonconventional, renewable source of energy which has no adverse effects on the environment. • solar photovoltaic system 55% energy savings over base building 17 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Energy management system • Sustainability at Site: • • • Replace asphalt with concrete where possible Plant trees in vegetation strips around parking lots or sidewalks. Bioswales Filtration basins (filters) Detention Ponds / Retention Ponds Vegetated filter strips Pervious paving Vegetated/Garden Roofs Energy Star rated roofing systems High reflectivity coatings 18 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Water System design • Landscaping & Water use reduction • Reduce potable water consumption for landscape by 50% over a theoretical baseline design for the specific region. • Successful Strategies: • • Drought tolerant plants Drip irrigation, moisture-sensing irrigation technologies Recycled rainwater system Municipally-provided non-potable water source use 19 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Water System design • Water Use Reduction, 20% and 30% Reduction Successful Strategies: • • • Dual flush water closets Ultra low-flow water closets and urinals Waterless Urinals Sensor-operated, Low-flow lavatories Rainwater collection reuse systems Gray water reuse systems 20 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

71 WAYS TO MAKE YOUR BUILDING MORE ENERGY EFFICIENT 21 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Enegry Efficient Building • An energy efficient building reduces main�te�nance and utility but, in many cases, improves dura�bil�i�ty, lessens noise, inc comfort and creates a healthy and safe indoor environment. • A further goal of energy efficient con�struc�tion is to limit d the ecosystem and reduce the use of natural resources like energy, land, water, and raw materials. • Reducing energy con�sump�tion is crucial because it means fewer emissions of green�house gases, a known cause of global warming. • For�tu�nate�ly, there are many methods, materials, and resourc help designers, archi�tects, con�trac�tors and building owners towards creating an energy efficient and high-per�for�mance bui 22 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Energy Efficient Techniques in New Construction • New con�struc�tion gives archi�tects, con�trac�tors and buil the oppor�tu�ni�ty to design and build an energy efficient bui even a net-zero energy project. • A net-zero energy building consumes less than or equal to the amount of energy that it produces on site through renewable resources. • The steps for con�struct�ing a modern energy efficient structur with choosing a site and imple�ment�ing a detailed, holistic de plan. 23 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Site Selection and Placement of an Energy Efficient Building 1. Ensure that public trans�porta�tion is available and local shopping is nearby. Limiting travel time and the use of private trans�porta�tion will reduce wear and tear on vehicles and save gas. 2. Build near existing infrastructure to save money and resources Design of an Energy Efficient Building: 3. Imple�ment�ing a whole-building systems approach to new con�struc�tion is the most efficient way to achieve an energy effi building. The whole-building approach treats the building as one energy system with separate, but dependent parts. Each part affects the per�for�mance of the entire system 24 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Design of an Energy Efficient Building 4. The design should make efficient use of water and elec�tric�i�ty and other natural resources and energy sources. 5. To minimize waste and materials, choose the smallest possible building for the intended application. 6. The design should strive to meet the Energy Star require�ments for sus�tain�abil�i�ty, the Lead�er�ship in Energy and Envi�ron�men�tal Design (LEED) standards, and the Inter�na�tion�al Green Con�struc�tion Code(IGCC). 7. The design of an energy efficient building should easily allow for future retrofits without impacting the per�for�mance of the buildi 25 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Design of an Energy Efficient Building 8. The design should take into con�sid�er�a�tion building ori�e way a structure is situated on a site and the placement of windows, rooflines and other features is critical for efficiency. 9. The design of an energy efficient building should be sus�tain�a A sus�tain�able design aims to lessen depletion of critical resour land, water, energy, and raw materials. Sus�tain�able design of fa and infra�struc�ture also averts the destruc�tion of the ecosyste 10. Utilizing an energy modeling software is an effective way to estimate a build�ing’s energy use. The model’s output can help archi�tects, con�trac�tors, and building owners modify a building per�for�mance and cost before con�struc�tion starts. 26 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Wall Assembly of an Energy Efficient Building 11. A con�tin�u�ous layer of insu�la�tion (CI) around the building envelope is essential to an energy efficient building. Con�tin�u�ous insu�la�tion increases the effective R�value of the structure, elim�i�nates con�den�sa�tion, and creates a com�fort�able space for the building’s occupants. The American Society of Heating, Refrig�er�at�ing and Air. Con�di�tion�ing Engineers (ASHRAE 90. 1) and the Inter�na�tion�al Energy Con�ser�va�tion Code (2015 IECC) also require con�tin�u�ous insu�la�tion in most applications. 12. For wood-framed con�struc�tion, provide more space for insu�la�tion between interior and exterior walls by utilizing 2 X 6 studs instead of 2 X 4 studs. 27 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Wall Assembly of an Energy Efficient Building 13. For wood-framed con�struc�tion, use a high-quality insu�la�t spray foam insu�la�tion. Spray foam insu�la�tion can provide an and is a far superior insu�la�tion method over a less expensive in material like batts and blankets. 14. Because tightly sealed, energy-efficient, wood-frame buildings are vul�ner�a�ble to moisture accu�mu�la�tion in the wall cavities the building must be wrapped in a water-resistant and breath�able material. Moisture in a build�ing’s walls is serious because moist lead to wood rot (caused by fungi) and expensive repairs. Moisture may also cause the growth of mold, which is unhealthy to the occupants of the structure. It is essential that a wood-frame building envelope controls moisture entry, accu�mu�la�tion, and removal. 28 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Wall Assembly of an Energy Efficient Building 15. An energy efficient wood-framed building utilizes advanced house framing (also known as optimum value engi�neer�ing). Advanced hous framing reduces lumber use and waste and improves the energy effi�cien�cy of a wood-framed house. 16. Struc�tur�al insulated panel (SIP) can save up to 50 percent i costs. SIPs are made from a layer of foam insu�la�tion placed betw pieces of plywood, strand board or cement panels. 17. For concrete con�struc�tion, apply an air and moisture barrier exterior face of the concrete wall. Fully adhered membranes and fluid applied air and moisture barriers like the Bautex Air and Moisture Barrier work well with concrete con�struc�tion. Air tightness of a has a sig�nif�i�cant positive impact to overall energy efficiency 29 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Wall Assembly of an Energy Efficient Building • 18. To create an energy efficient concrete structure, utilize concrete wall systems with integral insulation made of expanded polystyrene insulation (EPS) or other insulating foam. Insulated concrete forms and insulated concrete blocks form a layer of continuous insulation, substantially eliminating thermal bridging through the wall. The Bautex Block Wall System is an example of an insulated concrete block wall system that provides a continuous insulation Rvalue of 14, far exceeding 2015 IECC recommendations. 30 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

• A n E n e r g y Energy Efficient Techniques in Renovations and New Construction E f f i c i e n t R o 31 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

An Energy Efficient Roof: • 22. For steep sloped cool roofs, choose shingles. Cool shingle roofs are over�lap�ping panels made from wood, asphalt, metals, or polymers. The solar reflec�tive granules that coat the shingles the roof cool. • 23. For steep sloped cool roofs, tiles, made from concrete, clay or slate, are also a good choice. Most tiles are naturally reflec�t however, treat�ments are available for tiles that are not natura reflective. • 24. Green roofs are perfect for urban buildings with flat or shallow-pit roofs. Green roofs include anything from basic plant cover to a working garden. 32 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Glazing Systems • (windows, skylights, vents, and glass portions of doors) of an Energy Efficient Building: • 25. Purchase energy efficient windows appro�pri�ate for your cl zone. • 26. Installing storm windows can lower energy bills by up to $350 a year. • 27. In the northern hemi�sphere, face major glazing areas south take advantage of the solar heat gain in winter months when the sun is low. • 28. For warmer climates, limit south facing glazing and install overhangs or other shading devices over the south facing windows to prevent excessive heat gain during the summer. 33 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Glazing Systems • 29. In the southern hemi�sphere, north-facing windows are best. • 30. Low-emis�siv�i�ty (low�e) window glazing helps to control loss and gains. In fact, computer sim�u�la�tions indicate that window glazing reduces the space cooling require�ments of new homes in warm climates by more than 40 percent. • 31. Choose energy-efficient skylights that have estab�lished min ENERGY STAR® per�for�mance rating criteria by climate. 34 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Glazing Systems • 32. New exterior doors typically fit and insulate better than old doors. When selecting a new door, consider buying the most energyefficient door possible according to energy performance ratings associated with the local climate and the building’s design. • 33. If you plan to keep an existing exterior door, a storm door is a good investment. • 34. Improve an existing window’s energy efficiency with caulking and weather-stripping, and the use of thermal window treatments or coverings. 35 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Ventilation in an Energy-Efficient Building • Proper ven�ti�la�tion is necessary for an energy-efficient hom air sealing tech�niques may trap pol�lu�tants (like formalde� volatile organic compounds, and radon). Ven�ti�la�tion also he control moisture, which can cause mold growth and struc�tur�al damage. • 35. An energy efficient building should include an energy recovery ven�ti�la�tion system. An energy recovery ven�ti�la�tion sy con�trolled ven�ti�la�tion and minimizes energy loss by trans energy from con�di�tioned air going out to fresh incoming air. 36 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Ventilation in an Energy-Efficient Building • 36. Install localized exhaust fans above kitchen ranges and in bathrooms to create spot ventilation. Spot ventilation improves the effectiveness of natural and whole-house ventilation by removing indoor air pollution and moisture. • 37. While natural ventilation is the least expensive and most energyefficient way to cool buildings, it works best when combined with spot ventilation, ceiling fans, and window fans. For large homes and buildings, whole buildings fans are a worthwhile investment. 37 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Heating and Cooling Systems of an Energy Efficient Building • Cooling, heating, and water heating account for the largest energy expenses in homes and com�mer�cial buildings. Incor�po�rat�i efficient measures into a build�ing’s heating and cooling syste essential to creating an energy-efficient structure. • 38. Choose a high energy efficient heating, ven�ti�la�tion and con�di�tion�ing (HVAC) system. For instance, the most efficien system is 95 percent efficient; meaning 5 percent of the energy produced is expelled. Consider replacing the HVAC every ten years. • 39. Proper instal�la�tion of a new HVAC system is essential to energy efficient building. Improp�er�ly installed HVAC systems reduce a system’s effi�cien�cy by up to 30 percent. 38 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Heating and Cooling Systems of an Energy Efficient Building • 40. Ensure that the fronts of vents are clear of obstruc�tions l furniture and paper. Blocked vents require as much as 25 percent more energy to dis�trib�ute air. • 41. Install a pro�gram�ma�ble ther�mo�stat to manage periods where the heating and cooling can be turned down and up. • 42. Change the air filter of the HVAC system as pre�scribed by t equipment man�u�fac�tur�er. Dirty filters slow down air flow the system work harder to keep a building warm or cool. Also, a clean filter prevents dust and dirt from building up in the system. Dust and dirt in an HVAC can lead to expensive main�te�nance an early system failure. 39 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Heating and Cooling Systems of an Energy Efficient Building • 43. Maintain the HVAC annually to ensure its high efficiency, longevity, and the comfort level of the building. • 44. To maintain an energy efficient building sealing the ducts that move air to-and-from the HVAC system is crucial. It is of particular importance to seal the ducts that run through the attic, crawlspace, unheated basement, or garage. Seal the seams and connections of ducts with sealant (mastic) or metal-backed (foil) tape then wrap the ducts in insulation. The insulation will keep the ducts from getting cold in the winter and hot in the summer. 40 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

High-Efficiency Water Heaters • Because heating water accounts for about 7 percent of com�mer�c building energy use and 15 percent of home energy use, it is essential, for a high-effi�cien�cy building, to consider energy when selecting a water heating system. • 45. A tankless water heats water just when needed, elim�i�nat�ing energy lost during the standby operation. • 46. Install a high-effi�cien�cy storage (tank) water heater. Hi effi�cien�cy water heaters use 10 to 50 percent less energy tha standard models, saving energy and money on utility bills. • 47. A high-effi�cien�cy heat pump water heater transfers energy the sur�round�ing air to water in a storage tank. High-effi�ci pump water heaters are most effective in warm climates with long cooling seasons. • 48. A high-effi�cien�cy solar water heater can reduce operating up to 90 percent. 41 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

• Renewable Energy Sources for 4 9 an Energy Efficient Building. I n s t a l l g r i d t i e 42 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Renewable Energy Sources for an Energy Efficient Building • 51. A small “hybrid” electric system combines home wind electric and home solar electric (photovoltaic or PV) technologies. A hybrid system is best in regions where peak times for wind and solar systems occur at different periods of the day and year. • 52. On properties with flowing water, Microhydropower is a simple and consistent form of renewable energy. A microhydropower system requires a turbine, water wheel, and pump to transform the energy of flowing water into rotational energy, and then into electricity. 43 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Energy Efficient Lighting • 53. Switch to light-emitting diode (LED) light bulbs. LED bulbs are energy-efficient, durable, and long-lasting. • 54. Install controls such as timers and pho�to�cells that turn when not in use. Dimmers, when used to lower light levels, also save money and energy. • 55. Use task lighting where suitable. A task light consumes far less energy than a typical overhead lighting fixture. 44 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Energy Efficient Appliances • 56. Select ENERGY STAR® refrig�er�a�tors because they use 15 percent less energy than non-qualified models. Also, refrig�er�a�tors with top-mounted freezers use 10 – 25 percent energy than side-by-side or bottom-mount units. • 57. Select ENERGY STAR® dish�wash�ers use less water and energy than required by federa standards. Dish�wash�ers are currently required to use 4. 25 gal water per cycle or less. • 58. Select com�mer�cial con�vec�tion ovens that have earned the ENERGY STAR® rating. ENERGY STAR® com�mer�cial ovens are about 20 percent more energy efficient than standard models. 45 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Energy Efficient Appliances • 59. An automatic electric ignition system on a natural gas oven or range can save gas because the pilot light is not con�tin�u�ou burning. • 60. Monitor flame color of natural gas ovens or ranges. A yellow flame indicates the gas is not burning effi�cient�ly and an adj is needed. • 61. Keep ENERGY STAR® range-top burners and reflec�tors clean, so they will reflect the heat better and save energy. • 62. Select clothes washers and dryers that have earned the ENERGY STAR® rating. 46 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Energy Efficient Electronics, Computers, and Office Equipment • 63. Whether working in an office building or from home, utilizing energy efficient elec�tron�ics, computers, and office equipment save building owners energy and money. • 64. Purchase ENERGY STAR®-labeled office equipment which can save as much as half the elec�tric�i�ty of standard office equ • 65. Use a laptop computer because laptops use much less energy than desktop computers. • 66. Use sleep mode and power man�age�ment features on the computer. 47 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

• 6 7. Energy Efficient Electronics, Computers, and Office Equipment U n p l u g e l e c � t r o n � 48 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

Other Ways to Make a Building More Energy Efficient • 69. Incor�po�rate energy efficient land�scap�ing into the ove design. For instance, shady land�scap�ing protects a building f direct sunlight during the summer and allows more sunlight to reach through windows during the winter. Addi�tion�al�ly, planting t the southern and western side of a building can keep the building cooler because it blocks sunlight from falling directly on the building during the winter; then, when after the trees lose their leaves, the trees allow more sunlight to reach the building. • 70. Optimize system control strate�gies with occupancy sensors, CO 2 sensors, and other air quality alarms. • 71. Choose window treat�ments or coverings not only for dec�o� but also for saving energy. For example, triple layer cellular shades can sig�nif�i�cant�ly reduce your utility bill and make the i a building more comfortable. 49 VANKIRI MADHU (203418025) / M. Tech. (EE) / Civil Engg.

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