Green Algae Chlorophytes Green Algae Diversity I Chlorella

Green Algae (Chlorophytes)

Green Algae Diversity I “Chlorella” “Chlamydomonas” 20 “Carteria”

Green Algae Diversity I Helicosporidium

Green Algae Diversity I Haematococcus

Green Algae Diversity I (Chlamydomonas) Only different mating types (“+”, “-”) are capable of fertilization

Green Algae Diversity II: Desmids Cosmarium Staurastrum Euastrum Micrasterias Triploceras Closterium “Desmids” Spondylosium

Green Algae Diversity II: Desmids Structure • Semicells • Pores • Isthmus, Sinus • Mucilage

Green Algae Diversity II: Desmids Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Zygote

Green Algae Diversity III Coelastrum “Pediastrum” Ankistrodesmus Scenedesmus Hydrodictyon

Green Algae Diversity IV Flattened Gonium Sac-Like Platydorina Spherical Tetraspora Pandorina Eudorina “Volvox” (8 or 16 Cells) (16 or 32 Cells) 500 – Thousands of Cells

Green Algae Diversity IV (Volvox) Somatic Cells Gonidia • Small, flagellated, cells (with eyespot) Connected by cytoplasmic strands Larger, flagellated located at colony posterior • Impart motility to colony • Capable of cell division (reg. A gene inhibited) • Incapable of cell division (reg. A gene) • “Altruism” • Form hollow balls of flagellated cells inside the colony (“Daughter Colonies”)

Green Algae Diversity IV (Volvox) Asexual Reproduction • Daughter Colony Inversion through pore (phialopore) • Daughter Colony Release

Green Algae Diversity IV (Volvox) Male • Gonidia form sperm packets, invert • Sperm packets release (Sexual Reproduction) Female • Gonidia form Eggs Fertilization

Green Algae Diversity IV (Volvox) (Sexual Reproduction) Zygote Formation Zygote Meiosis to form Biflagellated Spores • Only one biflagellated spore survives • Occasionally, zygotes are spiny (Hypnozygote) • Division of this spore regenerates colony

Green Algae Diversity V Oedogonium Ulothrix Spirogyra Zygnema

Green Algae Diversity V Sexual Reproduction • Zygote Release • Gamete Formation • Fertilization Oedogonium • Meiosis • Spore Release • Spore Germination

Green Algae Diversity V Sexual Reproduction • Conjugation Tube • Gamete Formation • Fertilization Spirogyra • Zygote Formation • Meiosis to Form Spores

Green Algae Diversity VI 24 Cladophora

Green Algae Diversity VI Trentepohlia

Green Algae Diversity VIII Ulva Coleochaete

Green Algae Diversity VIII Sexual Life Cycle Ulva

Green Algae Diversity IX Penicillus Bryopsis Chara Acetabularia Caulerpa

Hypothesis of Chlorophyte Phylogeny 1

Hypothesis of Chlorophyte Phylogeny 2

Green Algae: Ecology Marine Freshwater

Green Algae: Ecology Haematococcus Trentepohlia

Green Algae: Ecology Chlamydomonas nivalis

Green Algae: Ecology Jacques Cousteau Institute Caulerpa

Green Algae: Ecology

Green Algae: Ecology Helicosporidium

Green Algae: Physiology Chlamydomonas

Green Algae: Genetics (Hammerling 1930 s)

Green Algae: Evolution Chara

Green Algae: Evolution GR ALG GR ALG PLANTS

Green Algae: Evolution

Green Algae: Evolution Horizontal Gene Transfer

Green Algae: Evolution 14 Euglena 13

Green Algae: Biofuels

Green Algae: Biofuels

Green Algae: Biofuels SOUTHERN NEW MEXICO – Columbus will be home to Luna County’s first green energy facility—literally green, in this case. Algae will be cultivated by Sapphire Energy in man-made ponds about 8 miles west of Columbus on the Mexican border, to later be converted to a green goop called algaebased biofuel, oilgae, or algal fuel. “This will be the first Sapphire facility in the country, ” says Tim Zenk, spokesperson for Sapphire Energy in San Diego. “We’re looking at different geographies, ” says Zenk. “Now our focus is on New Mexico. ” Luna County is considered ideal for algae-based biofuel because of the flat desert conditions, the high level of sunlight, and the large amount of underground salt water. http: //www. ecofriendlymag. com/2010/03/23/page/8/

Green Algae - Characteristics

Green Algae - Flagella Chlamydomonas Carteria

Green Algae – Cell Wall (Some) (Many) (A Few)

Green Algae – Chloroplast

Green Algae – Chloroplast

Green Algae – Chloroplast

Green Algae: Evolution Large Subunit Small Subunit Rubisco Horizontal Gene Transfer

Green Algae – Chloroplast S = Starch Py = Pyrenoid Fig. 16. 4 in Graham et al. 2009

Green Algae – Mitosis

Green Algae - Cytokinesis Furrowing Cell Plate Phycoplast Phragmoplast

Green Algae – Asexual Reproduction Chlamydomonas

Green Algae – Asexual Reproduction Gonidia Autocolony Formation Volvox Autocolony Release

Green Algae – Asexual Reproduction Oedogonium

Green Algae – Asexual Reproduction Spirogyra

Green Algae – Sexual Reproduction Chlamydomonas

Green Algae – Sexual Reproduction Male • Gonidia form sperm packets, invert • Sperm packets release Female • Gonidia form Eggs Volvox Fertilization

Green Algae: Sexual Reproduction • Zygote Release • Gamete Formation • Fertilization Oedogonium • Meiosis • Spore Release • Spore Germination

Green Algae: Sexual Reproduction • Conjugation Tube • Gamete Formation • Fertilization Spirogyra • Zygote Formation • Meiosis to Form Spores

Green Algae: Sexual Reproduction Egg (n) Zygote (n) Sperm Filaments (n)

Green Algae: Sexual Reproduction Ulva

Eukaryotic Nuclear Algae Phylogeny

Eukaryotic Plastid Phylogeny

Eukaryotic Nuclear Algae Phylogeny

Green Algae (Chara) and Plant Common Characteristics I

Green Algae (Chara) and Plant Common Characteristics II

Eukaryotic Nuclear Algae Phylogeny

Eukaryotic Nuclear Algae Phylogeny: “Fungi” ? Acellular Slime Molds Cellular Slime Molds (Physarum) (Dictyostelium)

1 http: //www. bio. utexas. edu/research/utex/photogallery/Images/LB_2824_ Chlamydomonas_nivalis_x 1000 b. jpg 2 http: //www. solpugid. com/cabiota/ulva_lobata. jpg 3 http: //www. bio. utexas. edu/research/utex/photogallery/Images/ LB%20933%20 Oedogonium%20 foveolatum. jpg 4 http: //www. lima. ohio-state. edu/biology/images/volvox. jpg 5 http: //ag. arizona. edu/azaqua/aquaplants/photos/chara. jpg 6 http: //www. dgsgardening. btinternet. co. uk/moss. JPG 7 http: //botit. botany. wisc. edu/images/130/Chlorophyta/Oedogonium_Images/ Zygote_MC_. tn. jpg 8 http: //www. botany. hawaii. edu/reefalgae/Algal%20 digital%20 or%20 web% 20 images/Egerod%20 Caulerpa%20 lentillifera%20300%20 dpi%20 web%20 image. jpg

9 http: //www. geneseo. edu/~Bosch/Ecology/Caulerpa. jpg 10 http: //www. microscopy-uk. org. uk/mag/imgoct 05/Scenedesmus-opoliensis. jpg 11 http: //www. botany. ubc. ca/keeling/BIOL 332/Primary. Secon. jpg 12 http: //www. surialink. com/HANDBOOK/Genera/image_greens/ Acetabularia_pics/Acetabularia_300. jpg 13 http: //www. panspermia. org/secondary. jpg 14 http: //www. keweenawalgae. mtu. edu/ALGAL_IMAGES/euglenophytes/ Euglena_n 4_dollartow 56_402_b. jpg 15 http: //www. biol. tsukuba. ac. jp/~inouye/ino/cy/prochloron. GIF 16 http: //www. nps. gov/archive/olym/lichen/struct. jpg

17 http: //botit. botany. wisc. edu/images/332/Lichens/Foliose_lichen_130_d. gif 18 http: //www. uog. edu/classes/botany/474/images/spirogyra_conj_prep 3755. jpg 19 http: //www. botany. hawaii. edu/faculty/webb/bot 311/ Chlorophyta/Spirogyra. Big 500. jpg 20 http: //www. rbgsyd. nsw. gov. au/__data/assets/image/47350/chlorella 2. gif 21 http: //www. dees. dri. edu/Projects/Trbm/cladophora. jpg 22 http: //www. riverrevitalizationfoundation. org/Images/10_04 Cladophora. jpg 23 http: //www. dees. dri. edu/Projects/Trbm/cladophora. jpg 24 http: //www. riverrevitalizationfoundation. org/Images/10_04 Cladophora. jpg 25 http: //protist. i. hosei. ac. jp/pdb/Images/Chlorophyta/Cladophora/sp_1 c. jpg 26 http: //www. nies. go. jp/biology/mcc/images/100 images/nies-0211. jpg

27 http: //www. nies. go. jp/biology/mcc/images/100 images/nies-0211. jpg 28 http: //www. csupomona. edu/~jcclark/classes/bot 125/resource/ graphics/g/chl_oedogonium. jpg 29 http: //genesis. ocean. org. il/pictures/animals/Ulva. jpg 30 http: //inapinkbox. com/store/images/Enchantment%20 -%20 Asiatic%20 Lilies%20 Flower%20 Bouquet. jpg 31 http: //ag. arizona. edu/azaqua/aquaplants/photos/chara. jpg