Greek Drama Dithyrambs 1 sung by a Greek

Greek Drama Dithyrambs: 1. sung by a Greek chorus of up to 50 men or boys dancing in circular formation 2. would normally relate some incident in the life of Dionysus 3. leader of the chorus later became the solo protagonist

Greek Drama Dithyrambs: 4. Competitions between groups singing dithyrambs were an important part of festivals such as the Dionysia 5. Each tribe would enter two choruses, one of men and one of boys

Greek Drama

Greek Drama Thespis: 1. singer of dithyrambs 2. introduced a new style in which one singer performed the words of individual characters in the stories 3. became different characters with different masks

Greek Drama

Greek Drama Early Greek playwrights wrote tragedies: 1. Stories of the gods and heroes used to explore human problems 2. Universe was governed by fate or destiny 3. Fate interacted with the ability of humans to make decisions which would bring them either greatness or disaster

Greek Drama Characteristics of Greek tragedy: 1. 2. 3. 4. Little action presented on stage Plot already familiar to the audience Little character development, instead types Centered on the conflict between the individual and the universe and not other personalities

Greek Drama Characteristics of Greek tragedy: 5. Tragic fate brought on by someone committing a crime against society or the gods thereby upsetting the balance of the universe 6. Punishment came in order to balance the scale of justice

Greek Drama Purpose of Greek tragedy was to purify the emotions of the audience by representing the triumph of justice.

Greek Drama Actors: 1. hired and paid by the state and assigned to the tragic poets 2. three actors were required for the performance of a tragedy • the protagonist “first actor” • the deuteragonist “second actor” • the tritagonist “third actor”

Greek Drama Actors: 3. protagonist took the role of the most important character in the play while the other two actors played the lesser roles 4. since most plays have more than two or three characters (although never more than three speaking actors in the same scene), all three actors played multiple roles

Greek Drama Actors: 5. male actors had to play female roles 6. playing of multiple roles, both male and female, was made possible by the use of masks 7. main duties of an actor were to speak the dialogue assigned to his characters and to sing songs solo or with the chorus or with other actors

Greek Drama

Greek Drama Chorus: 1. tragedy was not just straight drama—included songs sung both by actors and chorus and also with dancing by the chorus 2. the chorus were non-professionals who had a talent for singing and dancing and were trained by the poet in preparation for the performance 3. standard number of members of a chorus was twelve 4. chorus, like the actors, wore costumes and masks

Greek Drama Chorus: 5. first function of a tragic chorus was to chant an entrance song called a parodos 6. once the chorus had taken its position in the orchestra, it had two duties: • dialogue with characters through its leader • most important function was to sing and dance choral songs called stasima

Greek Drama Structure of a typical tragedy: Prologue Parodos First Episode First Stasimon Second Episode Second Stasimon Third Episode Third Stasimon Fourth Episode Fourth Stasimon Exodos

Greek Drama Tragedy structure : 1. scenes of dialogue alternate with choral songs 2. most tragedies begin with an opening scene of monologue called a prologue 3. after the prologue the chorus marches into the orchestra chanting the parodos

Greek Drama Tragedy structure : 4. a scene of dialogue called an episode, which in turn is followed by the first stasimon 5. alternation of episode and stasimon continues until the last stasimon 6. there is a final scene of dialogue called an exodos “exit scene”

Greek Drama

Greek Drama

Greek Drama

Greek Drama

Greek Drama

Greek Drama

Greek Drama

Greek Drama

Greek Drama

Greek Drama skene theatron proskenion parodos chorus orchestra

Greek Drama Aeschylus: • First of the tragedy playwrights • Guilt and punishment were themes • Best known works: Prometheus Bound and The Oresteia • 13 time winner of City Dionysia

Greek Drama Sophocles: • Greatest of the tragedy playwrights • Themes: 1. Ideal of nothing too much 2. Love or harmony and peace 3. Intelligent respect for democracy 4. Sympathy for human weakness • Best known works: Antigone and Oedipus Rex • 24 time winner of City Dionysia

Greek Drama Euripides: • Developed a different style of tragedy • Ridiculed ancient myths • Humbled the proud, exalted the low • First to give ordinary man a place in Greek drama • Portrayed men as they were • Introduced love as a theme • Best known works: Alcestis, Media, and Trojan Women • 5 time winner of City Dionysia

Greek Drama Aristophanes: • Introduced comedy-developed from politics and current events • Wrote about Athenian politicians, generals, philosophers, and other playwrights • Best known works: The Knights, The Frogs, and The Clouds

Greek Drama