Greece 600 BCE 600 CE Minoans n n
Greece 600 BCE- 600 CE
Minoans n n King Minos Destroyed around 1450 BCE q Possibly by the Mycenaeans
Mycenaeans n n n The Iliad and The Odyssey Enclosed hilltop citadels & palaces Linear B
Gate to Mycenae
Gate to Mycenae
Mycenae Cistern
Mycenae and mask of Agamemnon
Fall of Bronze Age Civilizations n n n Old centers destroyed Hittites and Syria were invaded Egyptians fought invasions in the North and lost Nubia in the south Myceneans fell due to internal decline and invasions Loss of trade routes “Dark Age”
Geography n n Mountains and islands Aegean and Black Seas No irrigation Not a lot of natural resources
City-States n Polis q n n n Acropolis Agora Social Classes q q q n Result of population growth w/ political rights Non-citizens Military q q Hoplites phalanx
Colonies n n Huge expansion of trade Spread Greek culture Greeks introduced to new ideas Created wealthy class
Tyranny n n Newly rich from colonization Seized power from aristocrats Hired soldiers Led to the development of democracy and oligarchies
Greek Religion n Twelve chief gods/goddesses q q q q Lived on Mt. Olympus Zeus Athena Apollo Ares Aphrodite Poseidon
Greek Religion n n n No morality or doctrine Everyone went to the underworld Rituals Festivals Olympics in 776 BC Oracles
Greek Drama n Tragedies q q q n Aeschylus Sophoclies Euripidies Comedies q Satires
Philosophies n n Pre-Socratic Socrates Plato Aristotle
Greek Art n Classic style q n Rules for proportion Architecture q q q Temples Columns Parthenon
Sparta n n Created huge serf class (helots) Military State q q n Males in army by 20 Lived in barracks till 30 At 30 males could vote in assembly Stayed in military till 60 Women experienced freedom
Sparta Cont’d n n Oligarchy w/ two kings Ephors q n Council of Elders q q n Five men who policed and educated 28 men over age of 60 Voted on issues Isolated to avoid new cultures
Athens n n n Oligarchy of aristocrats Economic problems almost led to civil war Solon gained full power in 594 BC q n Canceled debts and freed people Pisistratus seized power in 560 BC q q Increased trade gave land to the poor Aristocrats rebelled
Athens n n Pericles gained power Created council of 500 q q q n Foreign affairs Treasury Proposed laws Assembly q Passed laws w/ debate
Age of Pericles n n Direct democracy Assembly q q n n n Passed laws Elected officials Foreign affairs and war Poor citizens could participate in gov’t Generals Ran gov’t on daily basis Ostracism
Age of Pericles n n n Athens became center of Greek culture Rebuilding program New art
Delian League n n n 478 BC Defensive alliance against the Persians Led by Athenians Pushed out the Persians Athenians gained too much power
Peloponnesian War n n n 431 BC Athenians stayed inside city walls Spartans surrounded the city Plague in Athens killed 1/3 of the city’s population Pericles died in 429 BC
Peloponnesian War n n n Athenian navy was defeated in 405 BC Sparta destroyed Athens The consequences of this war was that the Greek states never united
Daily Life in Athens n n n Large population-mostly slave class Farming and trade economy Imported 50 -80% of grain Basic family unit Women were citizens q q Always w/ a male guardian No formal education
Hellenistic Greece
Rise of Macedonia n n n Philip II (359 -36 BC) Was a hostage in Thebes Learned Greek military tactics Created a trained, standing army Two views of Philip q q A barbarian A savior for the Greek city-states
Rise of Macedonia n Athens (w/ some small Greek city-states) fought the Macedonians at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC q n Greeks lost Greek states combined into the Corinthian League q Swore oath of loyalty to Philip II
Rise of Macedonia n n Each city-states was still self-governing League did have its own standing army and council q n n Philip II recognized as hegemon of League and army Philip II controlled city-states foreign affairs Phillip II wanted to take on Persia q He was assassinated before the war began
Alexander the Great n n n Only 20 when he took over Invaded Persian Empire in 334 BC Won Greek areas of SW Asia by 333 BC Darius III walked away from a battle b/c all was lost Alexander then secured the seas Egypt surrendered w/out a fight q q n Took title of Pharaoh Created city of Alexandria as capital He had control of Syria and Palestine by 332 BC
Alexander the Great n n King Darius III tried to negotiate w/ him, but Alexander refused He captured Babylon and other Ancient Mesopotamian cities Darius was killed by his own men Alexander took title of King of the Persians
Alexander the Great n n n Continued to move into Asia Got as far as Pakistan by 326 BC Troops refused to go any further He returned to Babylon to regain army In June of 323 BC he died q q q Possibly from wounds Possibly from fever Possibly excessive alcohol
Alexander’s Ideals n n Kept copy of Iliad under his pillow (as well as a dagger) Claimed descendant of Hercules Was seen as a god in Egypt Sent demand to Greeks to vote him into god status
Alexander’s Ideals n n n Just wanted a universal humanity Encouraged troops to intermarry with natives Took on different aspects of cultures he overtook
Alexander’s Legacy n n Created Hellenistic World “Hellenistic” means to imitate Greeks
Hellenistic Politics n Three kingdoms: q q q n n Seleucid Antigonids Egypt-Ptolemies Greek language became essential to all governments Greeks spread throughout the regions
Hellenistic Culture n n Alexandria center of culture Visual arts took classical ideals and put in more realism New literature emerged, but most didn’t survive New Greek comedies avoided politics
Hellenistic Culture n Astronomy q q n Aristarchus Erastosthenes Math q q Euclid Archimedes
Phoenicians n City-States q q n n Byblos Berytus Sidon Tyre Expanded in the Mediterranean Conflict with Greeks
Phoenician Alphabet n Created what eventually became our alphabet
Carthage n n n 814 BCE Two judges Senate q n n Merchant families Navy Commercial monopoly
Carthage n Wars q n Mercenary soldiers Religion q q Polytheistic Children sacrifices
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