Great Society This was part of President Johnsons

�Great Society �This was part of President Johnson's war on poverty. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education

�What is an example of a legal challenge used in the Civil Rights Movement? �Brown v. Board

�Civil Rights Act � 1964 This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

�Fair Deal �An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress

�Miranda v. Arizona �(1966) Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against selfincrimination prior to questioning by police.

�LBJ �He did not run for re-election in 1968 even though he successfully passed many pieces of legislation for civil rights and his war on poverty. Vietnam played a role in his decision and many protests escalated under his term.

�What is an example of used in the Civil Rights Movement? �Freedom Summer - mass voter registration of African Americans in the South �Montgomery Bus Boycott

�How did the Judicial Branch contribute to the Civil Rights Movement? �Brown v. Board

�What other movements did the Civil Rights inspire/lead to? �Women's Rights, Native Americans, Hispanic Rights, Gay Rights

Placed an oil embargo on America. Who and why �OPEC �America was Israel ally and added Israel in Yom Kipper War

�Was known for using violence against police officers? �Black Power movement …Black Panthers

�Why did public trust in the government decline in the 1970 s? �Political scandals (Watergate), Foreign policy crises (Iran Hostage crisis) �Monaca Lewinski affair (Clinton)

�What is the Sunbelt? Why is it significant? �Southern states that saw a rise in population, gained more House members after WWII

�What did the suburban movement establish in regards to economic and race? �Same ethnic grouped together with like people of economic status.

�How did the government encourage westward migration? �Passing new legislation (think Homestead Act) encouraging settlers to move west, government gave land subsidies to RR companies.

�What was the goal of the Nativist movement? �It was especially Anti-Catholic. The nativists hoped to limit the power and cultural influence of the immigrants (Irish and Germans).

�What was the Seneca Falls Convention? �Women's Rights convention that sought greater equality (attended by men too such as Frederick Douglass)

�Gilded Age �nickname for period after Civil War through the turn of the century that refers to the success of the rich due to industrialization.

�William Jennings Bryan �Democratic congressman who was an avid supporter of free silver.

�Populism �Free silver movement �party formed in 1892 made up of discontented farmers whose platform demanded inflation through coinage of silver and gold (16: 1), graduated income tax, gvmt ownership of railroads/telegraph/telephone, direct election of senators, one-term limit of presidency, adoption of referendum, shorter workday, and immigration restriction. Nominated James Weaver for

�Tweed Ring �infamous group of unscrupulous business men under the direction of Burly "Boss" Tweed; they employed bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections.

�Political Machine 2 -things known for: �A system established by Big Bosses were grafts and bribery were common. �A system established to help give immigrants jobs, homes in exchange for votes.

�Plessy v Ferguson � 1896 court case that validated the South's segreationalist social order, ruling "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional under the "equal protection" clause of the 14 th Amendment.

�Jim Crow �systematic state-level legal codes of segregation.

�Chinese Exclusion Act �(1882) law that banned Chinese from entering the US.

�Cornelius Vanderbuilt �American businessman who controlled the New York Central railroad; made a fortune in the railroad business. Helped popularize steel rail, which was safer and more economical.

�Thomas Edison �invented the phonograph, mimeograph, dictaphone, and moving picture. Perfected the lightbulb in 1879, transforming human habit.

�Andrew Carnegie �"King of Steel", United States Steel Corporation.

�John D. Rockefeller �"Oil Baron", Standard Oil.

�J. Pierpont Morgan �"The Banker's Banker". Had his investments in many different companies. The Monopoly Man.

�Horizontal Consolidation �technique used by Rockefeller to lower prices for Standard Oil in order to get it on a new market.

�Vertical Integration �technique used by Carnegie where he combined into one organization all phases of manufacturing from mining to marketing.

�Trust �companies in separate states, but belonging to one corporation.

�Trust-Busting �government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies (especially under the United States antitrust laws) TR used

�Transcontinental Railroad �The two railroad Union and Central that connect in in Promontory Point, Utah.

�Gospel of Wealth �idea from Carnegie that states that the wealthy have to use their money for charitable reasons.

�American Federation of Labor �founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

�W. E. B. Du. Bois � 1 st black to earn Ph. D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910. He believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately. He helped found the Niagara Movement in 1905 to fight for equal rights.

�Settlement House �a house where immigrants came to live upon entering the U. S. At these places, instruction was given in English and how to get a job, among other things. The first was the Hull House, which was opened by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889. These centers were usually run by educated middle class women. The houses became centers for reform in the women's and labor movements.

�Nativism �a policy of favoring native-born Americans over immigrants

�Yellow Journalism �journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers. �Used to start the Spanish American War

�National Association for the Advancement of Colored People �founded by W. E. B. Du Bois, it emerged out of the Niagara Movement in 1909 in order to help create more social and economic opportunities for blacks. It worked for equal rights for all Americans, but it failed to achieve lasting civil rights legislation during the early 1990 s.

�Frederick Jackson Turner �author of the "Frontier Thesis" that claimed that the Western Frontier was the defining feature of the US.

�Ghost Dance �a religious ritual that tried to call the spirits of past warriors to inspire the young braves to fight. It was crushed at the Battle of Wounded Knee after spreading to the Dakota Sioux. It led to the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887.

�Dawes Act �(1887) law that took away communal ownership of land; it divided land up in reservations and distributed them to families, encouraging them to farm.

�Homestead Act �(1862) law that provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

�Cross of Gold Speech �an impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U. S. currency be backed only with gold. He supported free silver.

�Progressive �An era in corrections during the early 1900 s that emphasized individualized treatment and the state's ability to solve problems

�New Deal �A plan by President Franklin Roosevelt intended to bring economic relief, recovery, and reforms to the country after the Great Depression.

�Harlem Renaissance � 1920 s growth in African American literature and arts, as southern African Americans brought culture to the north

�Mass Media �Forms of communication, such as newspapers and radio, that reach millions of people.

�Red Scare �A period when the government went after as Communists were known- and others with radical views

�Great Migration �movement of over 300, 000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

�Spanish American War �In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U. S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

�Treaty of Versailles �Treaty ending WWI; required Germany to pay huge war reparations and established the League of Nations

�United Nations �An international body composed of many countries that seeks to promote peace, prosperity, and cooperation around the world. It was formed in 1945 at the end of World War II.

�Pearl Harbor �United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

�Internment �Carried out through Executive Order 9066, which took many Japanese families away from their homes and into internment camp. Motivated by racism after Pearl Harbor bombing

�Civil Liberties �Freedoms to think and act without government interference or fear of unfair legal treatment.

�Atomic Bombs used �Two atomic bombs were dropped on Japan (Hiroshima and Nagasaki) which forced Japan to surrender and ended WWII.

�Roosevelt Corollary �extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

�Muckrakers �A group of writers, journalists, and critics who exposed corporate malfeasance and political corruption in the first decade of the 20 th century.

�Initiative �A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.

�Referendum �A legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate.

�Recall �A procedure allowing the people to vote to dismiss an elected official from state office before his or her term has expired.

�Dollar Diplomacy �Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U. S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

�Federal Reserve Act �Set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply, 1913

�Fourteen Points �Wilson's plan for peace following WWI.

�Espionage Act � 1917 act gave the government new ways to combat spying

�Sedition Act �Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First amendment.

�League of Nations �an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

�flappers �Young women of the 1920 s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

�Hawley Smoot Tarrif �raised prices on foreign imports to such a level that they could not compete in the American market, slowed down trade

�Relief, recover, reform �three goals of new deal

�CCC �It was Relief that provided work for young men 18 -25 years old in food control, planting, flood work, etc.

�WPA �Work Progress Administration: Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to acting; disbanded by FDR during WWII

�Social Security Act � 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

�Dust Bowl � 1930; Central region, the term for the Great Plains when there was little rain and there were great storms of dust.

�Neutrality Acts � 4 laws passed in the late 1930 s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents

�Truman Doctrine � 1947 policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

�Marshall Plan �A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.

�NATO �The First peace time alliance the United States belonged to. It made a promise to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

�Mao Zedong �Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

�Joseph Mc. Carthy � 1950's Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in the state department but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential

�Proxy War �Wars in which the superpowers backed different sides that acted as substitutes (proxies) for the superpowers themselves examples would be the Korean War and the Vietnam war.

�Ho Chi Minh �Vietnamese leader who is responsible for ousting first the French, then the United States from his country. Supported by both communist China and the Soviet Union he achieved his goal of a united communist Vietnam in 1975 ��

�Détente �A lessening of tensions between U. S. and Soviet Union. Besides disarming missiles to insure a lasting peace between superpowers, Nixon pressed for trade relations and a limited military budget. Nixon started this policy based on "realism" and an example is when he visited China

�SALT �Strategic Arms Limitation Talks- A pact that served to freeze the numbers of long-range nuclear missiles for five years in 1972. This treaty between Nixon (U. S. ), China, and the Soviet Union served to slow the arms race that had been going on between these nations since World War II. ��

�Evil Empire �Ronald Reagan's description of Soviet Union because of his fierce anticommunist views and the USSR's history of violation of human rights and aggression. ��

�Israel �This state was created by the U. N. following WWII. In 1967, Israel launched the Six Day War against Egypt and her allies. Israel took over the Golan Heights , The West Bank of the Jordan River; and the Sinai Peninsula. The U. S. 's pro-Israel foreign policy has been a source of tension in the Middle East.

�OPEC �This organization's embargo in 1973 created an energy crisis in the U. S. This oil cartel doubled their petroleum charges in 1979, helping American inflation rise well above 13%.

�Fall of Berlin Wall �This event in 1989 marked the symbolic end of the Cold War and was the beginning of the collapse of communism in eastern Europe

Carter �A stagnant (still, flat) economy with high inflation -leads to high unemployment, which leads to more stagflation

�Supply-Side Economics �Idea that reducing taxes to the wealthy and increasing investment money will stimulate the economy and create jobs -Called Reaganomics and trickle-down economics

�Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) �Reagan's program to create laser satellites against nuclear missles -referred to as the Star Wars plan

�Iran-Contra Scandal, 1987 �Contra forces (group of revolutionaries) are trying to overthrow Nicaragua's communist government -U. S. sells weapons to Iran in exchange for American hostages -Iran gives money to Contra for the overthrow -Bites our government in the butt when it comes back around (Contra try to smuggle drugs into U. S. )

�Strategic Arms Reduction Talks �Reagan and the Soviets reduce the number of Nuclear weapons

�Fall of the Berlin Wall, 1989 �Torn down in 1989, marking the end of the Cold War

�Fall of the Soviet Union, 1991 �Occurred due to the rise in nationalism and independence of the Soviet satellites and economic problems -December 26, 1991 is the last day

�Al Queda �Terrorist network started in 1989 by Osama Bin Laden -Militant Islamic group (violent)

�Persian Gulf War, 1991 �Under Bush, the U. S. defeats Iraq when Sadaam Husein of Iraq leads an invasion on Kuwait

�Taliban �Muslim fundamentalists gain control of Afghanistan in 1996 and uphold a very strict government

�Attacks of September 11, 2001 �The World Trade Center and the Pentagon are where the attacks occurred and over 3000 were killed -starts the war on terrorism

�Patriot Act, 2001 �Allows the government to deal with suspected terrorists -passed by Bush

�Department of Homeland Security, 2001 �Cabinet department (executive branch) to protect the U. S. from terrorist attacks, accidents, and natural disasters

�War in Afghanistan, 2001 �Starts after 9/11 when NATO forces lead by the U. S. dismantle Al Queda and attempt to remove the Taliban from power

�Iraq War, 2003 -2011 �Operation Iraqi Freedom -we occupy Iraq and help to form a new government

�Rust Belt �Northeastern states experience economic decline, population loss, and urban decay due to loss of industry

�North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 1993 �Agreement between the U. S. , Canada, and Mexico to eliminate tariffs

�The Affordable Care Act, 2010 �Also known as Obama. Care -reforming of the health care system for universal coverage -rejected under Clinton and passes under Obama

�technology �The economic boom of the mid 90's lead by computers and telecommunication

�Act of 1990 �Increases the number of immigrants allowed into the U. S. per year -preference for skilled workers

�Glass Ceiling �Term used to describe the barrier preventing women and sometimes minorities from rising higher within companies

�Barack Obama �First African American President

�Don't Ask, Don't Tell, 1994 �Prohibits the military from discrimination against homosexuals, BUT bars any openly homosexual from serving -Under President Clinton

�Boomburbs �Rapidly growing suburb cities