GRE 4220 BEGINNING GREEK I Class IX Present
GRE 4220 BEGINNING GREEK I Class IX: Present Middle/Passive Ind. and Future Active/Middle Ind. © Dr. Esa Autero
Present Middle and Passive Indicative 1. 1 Introduction to Voice q There are two voices in English Ø Active – subject performs the action o Ø Peter sees the messenger Passive – subject is being acted upon o The messenger is being seen by Peter
Present Middle and Passive Indicative 1. 2 Voice in Greek q Greek has three voices Active Ø Passive Ø Middle Ø Ø Active - subject performs the action ὁ Πέτρος βλέπει τὸν [The] Peter sees the ἄγγελον angel/messenger
Present Middle and Passive Indicative q Passive – subject is being acted upon by an agent ἄγγελος βλέπεται ὑπὸ τοῦ Πετροῦ Angel q is being seen by [the] Peter Middle – subject participates in the action ὁ ἄγγελος βλέπεται The angel sees himself
Present Middle and Passive Indicative q Greek passive and middle voice (pr. ind. ) Same form (look identical) Ø Use context to determine translation Ø q To form middle and passive forms: Present stem+ connecting vowel + Mid/Pass. ending λυ- ο- μαι = λύομαι I am loosing myself (Mid. ) OR I am being loosed (Pass)
Present Middle and Passive Indicative Pr. Mid. Sing. λύομαι λύῃ [λυ+ε+σαι > λυεαι > λυηι > λύῃ] λύεται Infinitive Pl. λύομεθα We are loosing I am loosing myself ourselves You are loosing yourself λύεσθε You are loosing yourselves He is loosing himself λύονται They are loosing themselves λύεσθαι To be loosing oneself
Present Middle and Passive Indicative Pr. Pass. Sing. λύομαι λύῃ Pl. λύομεθα I am being loosed λύεσθε You are Endings in Pr. Middle and being loosed Pr. Passive IDENTICAL λύεται Infinitive λύονται He is being loosed λύεσθαι To be loosed We are being loosed You are being loosed They are being loosed
Present Middle and Passive Indicative 2. 1 Function of the middle voice q Several shades of meaning – the basic ones are: (a) Direct Middle Ø The reflexive use – nearest to basic idea ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐγείρεται The man raises himself up
Present Middle and Passive Indicative Ø The reciprocal use – a plural subject engages in an interchange of action οἱ ἄνθτρωποι διδάσκονται The men are teaching one another (b) Indirect Middle q Subject is acting with reference to itself OR on behalf of itself λαμβάνεται She is taking for herself δῶρα gifts
Present Middle and Passive Indicative (c) Intensive Middle q The stress is on the agent producing the action – use “ -self” διδάσκεται τὴν ἀλήθειαν He himself is teaching the (Nobody else is teaching) truth
Present Middle and Passive Indicative (d) Deponent/Defective Middle q Defective/deponent – middle in form but active in function ἔρχομαι ἐκ τῆς ἐκκλησίας I come Ø the church Deponent – always looks like pass/mid. o Ø from Always active in meaning Recognition – check lexical form o o Always listed with mid/pass ending Parsing – “Middle” (or “deponent”)
Present Middle and Passive Indicative 2. 2 Function of the Passive Voice q Four distinct uses of passive in Greek (a) Direct Agent – most common usage in NT q Preposition ὑπο with gen. case διδάσκεται ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀγγέλου He is being taught by the angel
Present Middle and Passive Indicative (b) Intermediate agent q Preposition δία with genitive case πάντα δι’ αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο All things through him were made (John 1: 3) Christ is the intermediary agent; God the original agent
Present Middle and Passive Indicative (c) Impersonal agent q Instrumental case with or without the preposition ἐν οἱ ἄντθρωποι σῳζονται ἐν τῶ λόγῳ τοῦ Μεσσίου The men are being saved by the word of the Messiah (d) No agent expressed ἐγείρεται He is being raised up
Present Middle and Passive Indicative 3. 1 The Cases for Object of Verbs q Regular case for direct object is accusative Ø Some Greek verbs take objects in genitive or dative dat. ἀποκρίνομαι τοῖς τέκνοις – I am answering the children dat. ἐπιστεύσεν δὲ Αβραὰμ τῶ θεῶ – Abraham believed God inf. ἄρχομαι βλέπειν – I am beginning to see gen. ἀκούω τοῦ λόγου – I am hearing the word
Present Middle and Passive Indicative q Practice: q p. 67 q Warm-up q Parsing
Future Active/Middle Indicative Introduction – Future tense in English q To form a future tense in English: Ø “shall” or “will” to the present verb o “shall” is rarely used today [for 1 st person] Ø I eat Ø I will eat
Future Active and Middle Indicative 4. 1 Future Forms – Active and Middle q Forming future tense Ø Ø Ø Future active and middle are built on present stem Future passive is built on different stem Future tense – strongest time emphasis of Greek tenses Basic idea (Pattern 1) Active: λυ (present stem)-σ (tense formative) –ω (active ending) = λυ-σ-ω λύσω (I will loose) q
Future Active Indicative Singular Plural λύσω I will loose λύσομεν We will loose λύσεις You will loose λύσετε You will loose λύσει (s)he/it will loose λύσουσι(ν) They will loose Infinitive λύσειν To loose
Future Active/Middle Indicative 4. 2 Contract Verbs and minor irregularities q The contract vowel lengthens before tense formative ἀγαπα + σ + ω > ἀγαπήσω ποιε +σ + ω > ποιήσω πληρο + σ + ω > πληρώσω
Future Active/Middle Indicative 5. 1 Future Middle Indicative q Middle voice is different from active and passive in the future (cf. present) Future middle: future active stem but mid/pass. endings Future Middle: λυ (present stem)-σ (tense formative)-ομαι (Middle ending) = λυ-σ-ομαι λύσομαι (I will loose myself)
Future Middle Indicative Singular λύσομαι λύσῃ λύσεται Plural I will loose myself you will loose yourself He/she/it will loose himself λυσόμεθα λύσεσθε λύσονται We will loose ourselves You will loose yourselves They will loose themselves
Future active and Middle Indicative 5. 2 Future Indicative of εἰμί q εἰμί has no middle or passive function in future tense Singular ἔσομαι ἔσῃ ἔσται I will be You will be (s)he/it will be Plural ἐσόμεθα ἔσεσθε ἔσονται We will be You will be They will be
Future active and Middle Indicative 5. 3 Overview of Greek Tenses q Five tenses (and seven forms) of Koine Greek ἀγαπάω ἠγάπων ἀγαπήσω ἠγάπησα ἠγάπηκα ἠγάπημαι ἠγαπήθην q Tense/voice Translation Present I love Imperfect I was loving Future active I will love Aorist active I loved Perfect active I have loved Perfect passive I have been loved Aorist passive I was loved Lexicon listing – sg. 1 in the 5 -7 basic tenses/forms of the verb λύω [pr. ] – I loose; λύσω [fut. act. ], ἔλυσα [aor. act. ], λέλυκα [pf. act. ], λέλυμαι [pf. mid/pass. ], ἐλύθην [aor. pass. ]
Future Active/Middle Indicative q Practice: q p. 71 q Warm-up and parsing q Homework: q p. 69, no: 7 -9 q p. 73, no: 7 -10 q Quiz – chs. 18 -19
- Slides: 27