GRAMMAR RULES Subject Pronouns The subject pronoun I

GRAMMAR RULES

Subject Pronouns The subject pronoun “I” is always written in capital letters. “He” and “she” are used to refer to people or animals of male or female gender. “It” is used to refer to objects or animals of unspecific gender.

ARTICLES In English, the italian definite articles: il, lo, la, I, gli, le are translated by “the”; the indefinite articles: un, uno, una by “a” or “an”. We used “an” before a vowel sound

PLURAL In English most nouns make their plurals by simply adding –s to the end. • -es is added when the word ends with s, sh, ch, x, z. • If the noun ends with a consonant plus -y, make the plural by changing -y to ies • With nouns that end in a consonant or a single vowel plus -f or -fe, change the • -f or -fe to -ves.

GENITIVE The genitive case is when we add apostrophe S (’s) to show possession, that something belongs to another or a type of relationship between things To express possession you can use this construction: NAME HOLDER + 'S + WHAT HELD. When the owners are more than one adds' S to the final name.

PRESENT SIMPLE AFFERMATIVE FORM The present simple ordinary verbs has a unique form for all persons except for the third person singular, in which we add an -S to the verb. When verbs end in S-SH-CH-XZ-O we add -ES.

INTERROGATIVE FORM Questions with the present simple of ordinary verbs are made using the auxiliary DO( DON’T) before the subject. With the third person singular we use DOES (DOESN’T) DO / DOES + SUBJECT + VERB…?

NEGATIVE FORM To form a negative sentence you must use DO NOT (DON’T) or DOES NOT (DOESN’T) between subject and verb. DOESEN'T is used for the third person singular. The order of the negative sentence is: SUBJECT +DO/ DOES + NOT + VERB

Past Simple AFFERMATIVE FORM The Simple Past is used to talk about actions or situations in the past. With most verbs the past tense is formed by adding –ed, but there a lot of irregular past tenses in English.

INTERROGATIVE FORM Questions with the Past Simple of ordinary verbs are made using DID (DIDN’T) before the subject. DID+ SUBJECT + VERB…?

NEGATIVE FORM To form a negative sentence you must use DID NOT (DIDN’T) between subject and verb. The order of the negative sentence is: SUBJECT + DID+ NOT + VERB

PRESENT CONTINUOUS We use the Present Continuous Tense to talk about: • activities happening now. • activities happening around now, and not necessarily this very moment. • activities happening in the near future, especially for planned future events. Present continuous is formed with the present simple of BE +verb+ ING

PAST CONTINUOUS The Past Continuous tense expresses action at a particular moment in the past. The action started before that moment but has not finished at that moment. "set the scene" in stories: we use it to describe the background situation at the moment when the action begins. . We use the Past Continuous to express a long action vs short action. We can join the two ideas with when or while

CAN "Can" is one of the most commonly used modal verbs in English. It can be used to express ability or opportunity, to request or offer permission, and to show possibility or impossibility.

DEMONSTRATIE ADJECTIVES SINGULAR PLURAL This (questo) These (questi) That (quello) Those (quelli) These adjectives are used to modify a noun so that we know which specific person, place, or thing is mentioned. “This” is used when we talk about objects near to the speaker, “That” for objects far from the speaker.

Possessive Adjectives A possessive adjective is an adjective that is used to show ownership. It comes before a noun in the sentence and lets us know to whom the noun belongs. They are: MY, YOUR, HIS, HER, ITS, OUR, YOUR and THEIR

Frequency Adverbs that change or qualify the meaning of a sentence by telling us how often or how frequently something happens are defined as adverbs of frequency. NEVER MAI SOMETIMES QUALCHE VOLTA OFTEN SPESSO USUALLY DI SOLITO ALWAYS SEMPRE

Prepositions of Place are used to show the position or location of one thing with another. ON SOPRA IN DENTRO BEHIND DIETRO OPPOSITE AL LATO OPPOSTO BETWEEN TRA DUE PERSONE O COSE NEXT TO ACCANTO A IN FRONT OF DAVANTI A NEAR VICINO A UNDER SOTTO

Comparative and Superlatives Adjectives To form comparatives and superlatives you need to know the number of syllables in the adjective. Syllables are like "sound beats". For instance: “high" contains one syllable, but “intelligent" contains four — in tel li and gent.

COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES We use comparatives to compare two things or two people. -er To form the comparative, we add to the end of the adjective and we introduce the second one with than. For Adjectives with 2 syllables (that don't end in -y) and higher (3, 4 syllables etc), we use more Equality and inequality as + adjective + as not as + adjective + as

SUPERLATIVES ADJECTIVES In the superlative you talk about one thing only and how it is the best, worst, etc. You do not compare two things. To form the superlative, we -est add to the end of the adjective. For Adjectives with 2 syllables (that don't end in -y) and higher (3, 4 syllables etc), we use the most. Than we use of or in depends on sentences

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES There also some irregular adjectives. We just need to learn these forms. ADJ. COMP. SUP. GOOD BETTER THE BEST BAD WORSE THE WORST FARTHER FARTHEST

MADE BY… ELISA LOMBARODO and SARA COSTA