Grammar Revision 2BTO Conson y ies study studies

Grammar Revision 2ºBTO

Conson + y = – ies (study- studies) O = es (go – goes) S, x, ch, sh = es (watch- watches/ mix-mixes) he/ she / it : -s -es (plays, goes) We study English My sister watches TV Don`t We don´t study + verb Doesn´t She doesn´t study Present simple + ? A+S+V? Do you study ? Does she study? Am V-ing Is Are v. V monosilábicos q terminan en 1 vocal + 1 cons. , doblan cons. Run—running swim—swimming v. V de dos sílabas y acento en la 2ª, doblan consonante Begin—beginning v. Verbos que acaban en l , doblan l Travel—travelling v. Verbos que acaban en -ie , cambia a y + ing Die—dying Study- studying A+S+V? Play-playing + present continuous + - ? I am studying you are studying he is studying I am not studying You aren´t studying He isn´t studying Am I studying? Are you studying? Is he studying?

Present simple The simple present is used for two main types of action: Habits actions which happen regularly o on Sundays o Frequency Adverbs : -always, usually, often – o every day, every week, Once a month, etc. States Things which do not often change ( opinions, conditions, etc) present continuous The present continuous tense is used for two main types of action: § A temporary action happening now : Something which is going on right now (but it will stop in the future) Algo que está ocurriendo ahora pero parará en el futuro) § A definite plan for the future : Something we intend to do, usually in the near future. Algo que tenemos la intención de hacer en un futuro cercano

Non-continuous verbs / Stative verbs There are some verbs that you don't usually use in the continuous form, just as in Spanish. Generally speaking they're verbs that describe states and not actions, such as these: verbs describing thought processes and opinions: think, believe, remember, know, forget, agree, disagree… verbs describing emotions: want, like, love, hate, adore, detest… verbs describing the senses: see, hear, taste, feel, smell… This doesn't mean that it's impossible to use these verbs in the continuous. It just means that it's unusual and would probably be very specific in a particular situation.

Frequency adverbs and time expressions At the end of the sentence How often. . ? ØAlways ØUsually ØOften I do yoga twice a week v. Every day v. Once a day / week / month. . ØSometimes v. Twice a day / week / month. . ØHardly ever v. Three times a day / week / month. . ØNever Before the verb After to be v. Twelve times a day / week / month. . She often plays golf They are always hungry

Past Simple ♦ Monosyllabic ending in 1 vowel+1 conson, Stop—stopped ♦ 2 syllables & stress in the 2 nd, double consonant Permit—permitted ♦ V ending in conson + y i + ed Study—studied Vowel + y + ed play - played + Suj + 2 nd col - Suj + didn´t + verb ? double conson I played I sang V+ -ed v Past and finished actions. I didn´t play I didn´t sing Did+ Suj + verb ? Use We visited the museum last week A+S+V ? Did you play? Did you sing? TIME EXPRESSIONS Yesterday last week/year 2 days ago In 2002 in the 80 s when then v A series of completed actions in the past When I opened the door, the dog barked at the postman. v Past states. The old lady lived in this house in 1887

Past Continuous + ? Was Were + V-ing Was Suj + Were + V-ing I was playing You were singing I wasn´t playing Wasn´t + V-ing You weren´t singing Suj + Weren´t Was + Suj + V-ing Was I playing? Were you singing? A+S+V ? Time expressions: While , as , last night / week , at 3 o´clock Rem emb er I , He , She , It Was/ wasn´t You, we, they Were/weren´t

Usos : 1. Para decir lo que estaba ocurriendo en un momento concreto del pasado (no algo puntual, sino algo en proceso). La acción comenzó antes de dicho momento y seguramente continuó después. Fíjate que suelen expresar acciones largas. I was studying all day yesterday Parece q la acción d estudiar fue algo muy largo I studied all day yesterday Solamente informas, no quieres dar la idea de cuánto tiempo pasaste estudiando 2. Para 2 acciones que estuvieron ocurriendo al mismo tiempo. While you were reading the newspaper, I was doing my homework 3. Para la mas larga de las acciones, que suele ser interrumpida x una mas breve. I was walking by the street when it began to rain.

Present perfect + ? Have Has + V-ed 3ª col I have worked She has written I haven´t worked She hasn´t written Have you worked? Has she written ? A+S+V ? Time expressions Ever , never , yet , just , Already , lately , how long. . ? For , since , in recent years

TIME EXPRESSIONS • EVER : (Interrogativas)(“alguna vez”) Entre el auxiliar y el verbo. Have you ever been to London? • NEVER : (“Nunca”) Siempre con el verbo afirmativa. I have never seen a class like this. • FOR : Indica un periodo de tiempo, cuánto ha durado una acción. (durante-desde hace) I´ve known him for twenty years. (Le conozco desde hace 20 años) § DURING: + noun. Indica cuando ocurrió algo (not how long) during our holiday during the summer during the night • SINCE : Indica el momento o circunstancia concreta en que comenzó la acción. I´ve known her since 1994. (La conozco desde 1994) • JUST : Indica que la acción acaba de concluir. Va entre el auxiliar y el verbo. Have + just + Past Participle = “acabar de + infinitivo” I´ve just washed my hair ( Me acabo de lavar el pelo). • ALREADY : Va con oraciones afirmativas e interrogativas. (Entre el auxiliar y el verbo). ( “ Ya” ) I´ve already seen that film ( Ya he visto esa película) Have you already washed the dishes? (¿Ya has lavado los platos? ) • YET : Va con oraciones negativas e interrogativas. ( Al final de la frase) Negativas. (aún, todavía). I haven´t found it yet. (Aún no lo he encontrado) Interrogativas (“ya”) Has the doctor come yet? (¿Ha venido ya el médico? )

s o s u q Para hablar de experiencias y hechos pasados que han ocurrido a lo largo del tiempo sin especificar el momento. I have eaten Chinese food many times q Para hablar de acciones que aún continúan aunque empezaron tiempo atrás. (Suele llevar “for” y “since” ). Las preguntas se hacen con “How long. . ? ” I´ve lived here for five years todavía vivo aquí) ( Vivo aquí desde hace 5 años- q Para acciones que ocurrieron en un momento indeterminado del pasado y cuyo resultado podemos ver. We´ve painted the kitchen q Expresar que una acción acaba de ocurrir. Entonces añadimos “just” entre el aux. y el verbo The team has just scored a goal

CONTRASTE PAST SIMPLE / PRESENT PERFECT ØPast Simple: acciones que ocurrieron en un momento concreto del pasado. When did Sam go to India? Last June ØPresent Perfect: experiencias que han ocurrido en algún momento indeterminado. Sam has been to India. ØPast Simple: acciones completamente acabadas. I lived in India in 1992. ØPresent Perfect: acciones que comenzaron en el pasado pero que continúan en el presente. I´ve lived in India since 1992. ØPast Simple: se acompaña de expresiones de tiempo pasado yesterday, 2 years ago. ØPresent Perfect: se acompaña con ever, never, yet, already….

Present perfect continuous + Present perfect of “to be” I haven´t been working She hasn´t been studying ? Have you been working ? Has she been studying ? + V-ing ( llevar + gerundio) Time expressions I have been working She has been studying - Have been Has been For a year , since 2002 , how long. . ? All day / night / week … Use ü An action that started in the past and which still continues in the present. Or has recently stopped. (Como todos los contínuos resalta el tiempo que está durando la acción) You´re out of breath. Have you been running? She has been working here for 2 years ü Actions repeated over a period of time. She´s been playing tennis since she was 8 ü An action whose results are still apparent. I´m still tired. . I have been studying all night

Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous Period of time: I´ve been washing the car. I´m rather wet Completed action: I´ve washed the car. It looks a lot cleaner now The CONTINUOUS here focuses on the action going on The SIMPLE focuses on the result of the action Continuous : For an activity that is still happening. How long ? How long have you been reading that book? Simple : Completed actions. How much? How many times? How many pages of the book have you read? Mary is still writing letters. She´s been writing letters all day Mary has written letters today. • Non-continuous verbs: like, know, believe, etc. Not normally used in CONT Live & work : we use either CONTINUOUS or SIMPLE John has been living/has lived in London for a long time With “always” we use the SIMPLE. John has always lived in London

Past t c e f r e p + - Had + V-ed 3ª col I had worked Had you worked ? er , t f a , time e h t y , b y d just a e , r r Al e nev , l i t n , U Before By + a time an = no later th is (I´ll have fin hed y 11: 30 b k r o w y m hed an 11: 30) I´ll have finis h t r e t la o n it I hadn´t worked ? s n o i s s e r p x Time e Use A completed action which took place before another action in the past By the time we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started Past Perfect Past Present Future

t c e f r e p t s a P s u o u n i t n co + I had been - I hadn´t been ? Had you been ? Past perfect of “to be” had been + V-ing (llevaba + gerundio) Time expressions For hours , since last year All morning , when , until , before Use Para hablar de una acción prolongada que ocurrió en el pasado antes que otra acción breve también pasada. Suelen ir unidas por una expresión de tiempo de las del cuadro, o “although” , “because”. We had been driving for 5 hours when we ran out of petrol.

Future q TO BE GOING TO + INFINITIVO ( Futuro de intención) • Para hablar de nuestras intenciones, planes cercanos, o preguntar a otros lo que han pensado hacer en un futuro próximo. Next week I´m going to celebrate my birthday. • Para hacer predicciones basadas en una evidencia en el momento en que hablamos. Listen to the wind. It´s going to be a storm. q FUTURE SIMPLE will + inf • Para expresar decisiones espontáneas en el momento en que hablamos (ofrecimientos, peticiones, promesas, advertencias, amenazas. . ) I think you´ll learn this very quickly The window is open. Don´t worry I´ll close it • Para hacer predicciones basadas en nuestra opinión. He won´t come.

E R U T FU + ? S U O U N I T N O C I will be studying I won´t be studying Will you be studying ? Use FUTURE perfect + ? s n o i s s e r p x e e Tim ime next… t s i h t t a e, At this tim cade e d t x e n e y , in th a d s r u h T On An action in progress at a certain time in the future At this time next year, I will be studying Law in Madrid V-ed Future de “have” + 3ª col I will have studied I won´t have studied Will you have studied? Future de “to be” + V-ing Time expressions Use By this time next week, by 10 o´clock…, In three months A completed action at a certain time in the future. By the end of June, we will have finished our exams

Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use a present, past or future tense. will help 1. When you get home from the shop, I …………… (help) you carry in the bags. will be speaking (speak) French very well. 2. By the end of the school year, I …………… Did pay 3. …………… you …………… (pay) the water bill yesterday? don’t usually eat 4. We …………… (not usually eat) a big meal in the evening. was reaching 5. While he …………… knocked it over. 6. Next week, Emma 7. Today, our teacher London. (reach) for his cup of coffee, he accidentally is going to visit / is visiting …………… (visit) me. is taking / …………… is going to take (take) us to the British Museum in

Complete the sentences with the words in brackets. Use the correct form of a perfect tense or the Past Simple. had left 1. Andrea ……………… (leave) for the airport by the time I called ……………… (call) to say goodbye. hasn’t convinced has been playing (play) tennis for years but he still ……………… 2. Tom ……………… (not convince) his wife to learn the game. will have heard (hear) about your secret. 3. By this time tomorrow, everyone ……………… have managed (manage) not to tell anyone yet. I’m surprised that you ……………… ran out should have filled 4. Last week, the car ……………… (run out) of petrol. We ……………… (should / fill) it up before we left. haven’t handed in (not hand in) your essay yet. I’m surprised because you 5. You ……………… have been working ……………… (work) on it all week.

Reported speech

Cambios en los tiempos verbales Tense Present simple Direct Speech “He works as an editor” Tense Indirect Speech Past simple He said that he worked as an editor Present continuous “He is working as an editor” Past continuous He said that he was working as an editor Past simple “He worked as an editor” Past perfect He said that he had worked as an editor Past continuous “He was working as an editor” Past perfect continuous He said that he had been working as an editor Present perfect simple “He has worked as an editor” Past perfect He said that he had worked as an editor Present perfect continuous “He has been working as an editor” Present perfect continuous He said that he had been working as an editor Past perfect simple “He had worked as an editor” Past perfect simple He said that he had worked as an editor Past perfect continuous “He had been working as an editor” Past perfect continuous He said that he had been working as an editor Future simple “He will work as an editor” Would + infin. He said that he would work as an editor

Cambios en los modales Can Could May Might Must / have to Must / had to Will Would Cambios en otras palabras Now Then Today That day Tonight That night Yesterday The previous day / the day before Last week The previous week / the week before A month ago The previous month / the month before Tomorrow The following day / the next day / the day after Next week The following week / the week after Here This That These Those

Reported questions Hay dos tipos de preguntas: Ø LAS YES / NO QUESTIONS son las que se contestan con un “si” o un “no”. para ponerlas en estilo indirecto utilizamos el verbo ask, y a continuación if o whether. Entonces la pregunta deja de serlo y se convierte en una frase afirmativa, ya no hay inversión sujeto-verbo(A+S+V), ni signo de interrogación, ni comillas. “Did you speak to John last night? ” She asked if / whether I had spoken to John last night ØLAS WH-QUESTIONS son las que empiezan por una palabra interrogativa (Wh- word) Al pasarlas al estilo indirecto ponemos dicha palabra (wh-) y luego el sujeto + verbo. ►Who told you that story? She asked Who are you writing to? She asked who had told us that story She asked who I was writing to

Reported orders Para poner una orden en estilo indirecto cambiamos el imperativo por un infinitivo con to. Pero antes del infinitivo debemos poner un verbo que exprese mandato, como Tell u order , seguido del complemento indirecto. Hay otros verbos que siguen esta estructura aunque no expresen orden. Ask o beg para peticiones. Warn para advertir a alguien de algo. Advise para dar consejo Invite para hacer una invitación. “Stop driving so fast”. My mother ordered me to stop driving so fast. Si la oración es negativa , ponemos not delante de to. “Don´t tell anybody” He begged me not to tell anybody

Reported suggestions Primero ponemos el sujeto y el verbo suggest en pasado y después lo que se sugirió. Las sugerencias se pueden pasar a estilo indirecto de dos formas: v usando una oración introducida por that, con su sujeto y el verbo en la forma base. (El verbo demand, que expresa mandato, también sigue esta estructura) “Let´s watch the news” Tom suggested that we watch the news v Usando el gerundio, sin especificar ningún sujeto. “ Let´s phone the police inmediately” He suggested phoning the police inmediately

Reported verbs + ? Complain Declare Deny Explain Inform Insist Admit Agree Answer Apologise Boast (presumir, alardear) Claim Enquire Request Órdenes Sugerencias Want to know Wonder Demand Order Shout Warn Advise Invite Mention Offer Promise Refuse Remind Reply SÚPLICAS Y RUEGOS Suggest Recommend Beg

Complete the sentences in reported speech. 1. “Don’t turn up the music!” My father warned me not to turn up the music 2. “How much money have you saved? ” The bank clerk wanted to know how much money I had saved. 3. “You must remember to give us the house key. ” Bertha and Marion said that I / we had to remember to give them the house key. 4. “Do the actors know their lines? ” The director asked if / whether the actors knew their lines. 5. “I’m not going to eat any more ice cream. ” Andrew announced that he wasn’t going to eat any more ice cream.

e v i s s a P e c i o v The reward of a thing well done is to have done it. Ralph Waldo Emerson

They gave Diana SUJETO + VERBO + OI + OD + Diana was given a camera last week CC a camera last week SUJETO (OI) + BE+PARTICIPIO + OD + CC + A camera was given SUJETO (OD) + BE+PARTIC. (BY+SUJETO) to Diana last week + OI + CC + (BY+SUJ) 1. Identificar el objeto de la activa(OD/OI) 2. Lo ponemos de sujeto de la pasiva 3. Identificamos el tiempo del verbo. 4. Ponemos “to be” en el mismo tiempo + Past Participle (3ª column /-ed) del verbo 5. Ponemos el sujeto de la activa como agente de la pasiva precedido por “by”

+ - Se forma con el verbo “to be” + el participio ( -ed / 3ª c) del verbo principal An astronaut was sent into space Hay que añadir “not” (n´t) al “to be”. Si la frase lleva un modal, un verbo en futuro simple o un tiempo compuesto, lo que negamos es el modal, will o have / has. An astronaut wasn´t sent into space ? El orden es to be + el sujeto + el participio. Si es un modal, un verbo en futuro simple o un tiempo compuesto, la pasiva empieza con el modal o el auxiliar, igual que en la activa. Was an astronaut sent into space?

TEN EN CUENTA QUE… A Al poner en pasiva una frase afirmativa cuenta el número de palabras que tiene el verbo en activa. En pasiva tiene que haber una más. A Al poner en pasiva una frase interrogativa debes empezar por el auxiliar. Are they preparing the meal? Is the meal being prepared? ASi la pasiva es negativa, “ not” va con el primer auxiliar They are not making the meal. The meal is not being prepared It is said that. . / He is said to. . Con verbos como believed, thought, expected, said, estimate, known, considered, reported… la pasiva se hace de dos formas: “Experts expect that the Chinese economy will grow” 1. “The Chinese economy is expected to grow” 2. “It is expected that the Chinese economy will grow”

HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE Cuando alguien hace las cosas x nosotros, ej “cortar el pelo, pintar un piso, etc. Have/get + object (my room, my hair, . . )+ Participio (-ed/3ªc) En cualquier tiempo = I´m having, I´ve had, I´ll have ØI´m having my house painted (Me están pintando la casa) ØWhen are you going to have your hair cut? (¿Cuándo te vas a cortar el pelo? )

Complete the sentences with the correct active or passive form of the verbs in brackets. has lost 1. My sister …………… (lose) a lot of weight lately because she …………… has been given 2. The letter (give) a new diet by our doctor. had already been sent (already send) by the time Jerry …………… asked / …………… (ask) me about it. will already have been sent asks 3. I …………… (live) in this house since I was born. It have lived / have been living (build) by my grandparents. was built ……………

Complete the passage with the verbs in brackets. Use the active or passive. People have always been frightened of natural disasters. In ancient times, floods were considered (consider) a punishment from the gods. and earthquakes (1) ……………… has been caused (cause) Recently, in many places in the world, much damage (2) ……………… are trying by natural disasters. Now, scientists (3) ……………… (try) to discover whether it’s possible to use animals to predict natural disasters. In 2004, animals were hit ran to the hills before the beaches in Thailand (4) ……………… (hit) by the can be discovered tsunami. If the reason for this behaviour (5) ……………… (can / discover), it may help scientists find a solution and many lives (6) ……………… might be saved / save) in the future. (might

Conditionals

Summing up…. 1 st If + present simple , Unless = if not 2 nd 3 rd future simple Modal Imperative If + past simple , would + infinitivo Could might If + past perfect , would have + participio Could have might have

Oraciones temporales Se forman como las de 1 st conditional : Present Simple , Future Simple. Lo que cambian son las conjunciones : as soon as , by the time , when , the moment (that) , etc She´ll buy a car as soon as she passes her driving test When I get home, I´ll help you with your homework

Wish Clauses Wish / if only + Past simple Wish / if only + Past Perfect Situaciones presentes que quisiéramos cambiar/mejorar Hechos pasados lamentando lo Ocurrido He wishes his house were bigger If only I lived near the school Pam wishes she and Tom hadn´t broken up If only Sarah had arrived earlier + base form Wish / if only + Could Would Deseos sobre situaciones futuras, indicando q es poco probable q ocurran I wish I could improve my marks If only he would call me

Complete the sentences without changing the original meanings. 1. Gary is sorry that he doesn’t know how to change a tyre. Gary wishes he could change a tyre. 2. I’m not old enough to go to that club. If I were old enough / older, I would go to that club. 3. It’s a shame that they didn’t enjoy the play. We wish they had enjoyed the play. 4. She didn’t go to the wedding because they didn’t invite her. If they had invited her to the wedding, she would have gone.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS & RELATIVE CLAUSES

q Who & that para referirnos a personas q Which & that para referirnos a cosas q When & that para referirnos a un momento en el tiempo q Where para referirnos a lugares q Whose expresa posesión (“ cuyo”) (* Nunca es sujeto y no se puede omitir) Omisión del relative pronoun Pron. Relat. + Verbo = NO Pron. Relat + Suj + Verbo = SI Ø Nunca se puede omitir si es el sujeto de la oración de relativo The man who visited us yesterday is a professor Sujeto = sustituye a The man The house that was so old was rebuilt sujeto = sustituye a The house Ø Podemos omitirlo si no es el sujeto de la oración de relativo The man (who) we met at the bus stop told me the truth Sujeto de la or. de relativo The house (that) we bought is very comfortable Sujeto de la or. de relativo

Defining relative clauses Hay dos tipos de oraciones de relativo Defining relative clauses Non-Defining relative clauses üimprescindibles para “definir”el antecedente. üSin ellas el sentido de la oración quedaría incompleto. The computer which we bought is very expensive ( si no especificamos de qué ordenador hablamos no queda claro el sentido) ü Los pronombres who, which y that pueden omitirse si no hacen de sujeto. Whose no se puede omitir ni sustituir. This is the blog whose author is unknown ü When y where son los adverbios relativos. Pron. Relat. + Verbo = NO Pron. Relat + Suj + Verbo = SI When puede omitirse y sustituirse por that. I´ll never forget the day (when/that) I met him. Where no puede sustituirse por that y no suele omitirse. I visited the area where all the trendy shops are. ü Si el relativo lleva preposición, lo mas común es omitirlo y poner la preposición detrás del verbo. The boy (who/that) I talked to was nervous

Non-Defining relative clauses ü Nos dan información extra que no es esencial sobre su antecedente. Si quitamos la or. de relativo la frase tiene sentido The king of Spain, who lives in Madrid, is called Juan Carlos ü Siempre van entre comas. ü No se puede usar that. Se forman con who, which, when, where y whose. ü Nunca se omiten. ü Se utilizan en el lenguaje escrito y formal.

Complete the passage with relative pronouns. which I work at an animal shelter (1) …………… takes in homeless animals. The where shelter is the place (2) …………… the animals are fed and taken care of. On when the day (3) …………… animals are brought to the shelter, Dr Sloan is the vet who (4) …………… examines them and gives them medical treatment. Anyone (5) whose …………… pet is lost can come to the shelter to see if it’s there. Combine the sentences using a relative clause. 1. Here is the box. I keep my discs in it. 2. Look at that park. I used to play there. Here is the box where I keep my discs. Look at that park where I used to play. 3. I graduated from university. I’ll never forget that day. I’ll never forget the day when / that I graduated from university. 4. We invited Jane to dinner. Her family is abroad. We invited Jane, whose family is abroad, to dinner. 5. My sister studied medicine. She’s a good doctor. My sister, who studied medicine, is a good doctor.

Combine the sentences using a suitable relative pronoun 1. Dan just came back from Hawaii. There are great beaches there. Dan just came back from Hawaii, where there are great beaches. 2. Janet is a student. Her travel diary won a prize. Janet, whose travel diary won a prize, is a student. 3. Do you remember the evening? Janet played the guitar for us. Do you remember the evening when Janet played the guitar for us? 4. He is the man. He sold us the package holiday. He is the man who / that sold us the package holiday. 5. This is the jeep. It will take us to the hotel. This is the jeep that / which will take us to the hotel.

s l a d o M

USE MODAL OBLIGATION tengo la obligación de, debo, tengo que Must They have to wear a uniform # I must finish this exercise Have to (no modal: has to) NECESSITY Need to (no modal)(+) NO OBLIGATION No hace falta que Needn´t You needn´t come if you don´t want to = You don´t have to come if you don´t want to Don´t have to(no modal) Mustn´t PROHIBITION no puedes ABILITY Se, puedo, soy capaz POSSIBILITY DEDUCTION/ CERTAINTY Can (presente) Could (pasado) Be able to -todos los tiempos May (puede que) Might (pudiera ser que) (posib + remota) Could (puede que) Must (I´m sure) Can´t (It´s imposible) EXAMPLE She needs to speak to you You mustn´t smoke at school I can play the piano I could climb mountains I will be able to drive a bus They may begin acting like criminals He might come They could be on the train now That must be your mother (esa debe ser tu madre) That can´t be true (eso no puede ser verdad)

Modal Can´t Couldn´t Be able to May / Might May Would Must Have to Needn´t Don´t have to Mustn´t Should /ought to Uso Habilidad Permiso Posibilidad Pedir algo Imposibilidad Deducción Example I can drive a bus Can I go to the toilet? She can come to the party Can you lend me some money I can´t lift this box Those can´t be my keys. I´ve got them Habilidad en el pasado Preguntar formalmente Especular Sugerir Imposibilidad en el pasado Habilidad Posibilidad Pedir algo educadamente Pedir algo formalmente Ofrecer (con like) Hábitos en pasado(used to) Obligación, Deducción Obligación No obligación Prohibición Consejo , opinión I could play the guitar when I was five Could you tell me the time, please? Whose could these glasses be? We could go to theatre I couldn´t ride a bike when I was five I will be able to pass this subject It might rain tomorrow May I borrow your book, please? Would you come with me to the wedding? Would you like some tea? She would tell us stories You must be quiet in the library John must be very busy. He didn´t come I have to study hard if I want to pass I need to buy some meat for dinner You needn´t do all the exercises We don´t have to attend the conference You mustn´t step on the grass You should tell the truth

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the modals and verbs in brackets. could have gone 1. They …………… home. mustn’t forget 2. I …………… (could / go) to the film but they decided to stay at (mustn’t / forget) to buy Mum a birthday present. must be 3. She missed the test today. She …………… (must / be) ill. shouldn’t spend 4. You …………… (shouldn’t / spend) so much money. Think about / shouldn’t have spent the future. needn’t have left 5. You …………… (needn’t / leave) your dog at home. It would have had fun here. might have 6. I …………… found (might / find) a babysitter if I had really tried.

Rewrite the sentences with the modals in brackets. Do not change the original meaning of the sentences. 1. He’s sure that she’s happy about the news. (must) She must be happy about the news. 2. It’s possible that the children broke the window. (might) The children might have broken the window. 3. I guess David forgot about the meeting. (must) David must have forgotten about the meeting 4. I won’t be able to come to the party. (can) I can’t come to the party. 5. It’s a good idea to wear a suit for the interview. (should) You should wear a suit for the interview.

Translate 1. My abuelo afirmó que se jubilaría el año siguiente My grandfather claimed that he would retire the following year 2. Mi madre me aconsejó que no solicitara el trabajo de dependiente en Berska My mum advised me not to apply for the job as a shop assistant at Berska 3. Se pueden encontrar montones de gangas en internet Lots of bargains can be found on the Internet 4. ¿Dónde se venden vaqueros de marca en esta ciudad? Where are brand-name jeans sold in this town? 5. Nunca me enamoraré de nadie a no ser que compartamos los mismos intereses I´ll never fall in love with anybody unless we share common interests 6. Yo rompería con mi novio si me tratara mal I would break up with my boyfriend if he treated me badly

Ojalá tuvieras mejor sentido del humor I wish you had a better sense of humor Sentí decirle adiós a la chica que había conocido I was sorry to say goodbye to the girl who/that I had met He reservado una habitación en el hotel en el que nos quedamos el año pasado I´ve booked a room in the hotel which/that we stayed in last year where we stayed last year El desfile puede ser cancelado por culpa de la fuerte lluvia The parade may be cancelled because of the heavy rain No hace falta que te disfraces para participar en el Carnaval de Cádiz You needn´t disguise yourself to take part in the Cadiz Carnival Deberías ponerte elegante para ir a la boda de Julio You should dress up to go to Julia´s wedding Marta parece enfadada. Puede que haya discutido con Tim. Marta looks angry. She might have argued with Tim Podías haber planificado este viaje con bastantelación You could have planned this trip well in advance