GRAMMAR REVIEW OBJECTIVE Review English grammar terms and

GRAMMAR REVIEW

OBJECTIVE • Review English grammar terms and their uses • Determine what English grammar terms are used in Latin, and how

NOUN • Person, place, thing, idea • Subject or object of sentence • In Latin, all nouns have… • • Gender Number Case GNC

GNC • Gender • Feminine • Masculine • Neuter • Number • Singular • Plural • Case • • • Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative How the noun is used in the sentence

SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS • Subject • Does the action • Main noun in the sentence • Predicate Nominative • After a verb of being • Equivalent to the subject • James is tired. • Direct Object • Receives the action • Indirect object • Affected by the action Jeremy gave the toy to Michael.

CASES • Nominative • Subject or predicate nominative • Joe is a boy. • Accusative • Direct object • Sam baked a cake. • Dative • Indirect object • I gave the cake to Jack. • Ablative • Object of preposition • Jason takes the cat from the carrier. • Object of preposition • Colin stepped into the car. • Genitive • Possession • John’s dog • The dog of John We will learn more about case usage later on.

VERBS • What the subject does • Transitive – movement • Walks, talks, cries, hops, etc. • Intransitive – “in your head” • Thinks, feels, hopes, loves, etc. • Tenses • When the verb happens • Six tenses in Latin

LINKING VERBS • The most common linking verbs are forms of the verb to be: • am, is, are, was, were, being, been • Latin has linking verbs for all tenses • Think of linking verbs as equal signs • Anthony is hungry • Anthony = hungry

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS • Adjectives • Describe nouns • Can be used as predicate nominative • James is tired. • The hungry sister • Adverbs • Describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs • Typically have “-ly” • Dante happily tied his shoe. • Describe how or when something happens • We gently touched the dolphin. • You ran through the park in the morning.

PREPOSITIONS • Words that indicate location • Into the sun • Out of the store • In Latin, use the ablative and accusative cases • More to come!

LATIN WORD ORDER • English • Subject – Verb – Direct Object • Word placement in the sentence • Jimmy carries the book • Latin • Subject – Direct Object – Verb • Word endings • Jimmy book carries • THIS CAN CHANGE

LATIN SUBJECTS • is laudat • He praises • laudat • He/she/it praises • Latin does not always express a subject • Use context clues to determine the subject if there is not one • Subject will be in the nominative case

DIPHTHONG • A sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable • Coin, loud, bread • Latin • -ae – eye • -au – loud

“THE” AND “A/AN” • • Latin does not have articles Determiner, indicator The – definite A/An – indefinite • THESE DO NOT EXIST IN LATIN • canis – a dog • porta – the gate

ROMANCE LANGUAGES • As the Roman Empire spread, nations learned Latin • Adapted the language to merge with their own • Eventually, the Romance Languages evolved • • • Spanish Portuguese French Italian Romanian Catalan

ENGLISH • 60% Greek or Latin roots • 90% medical terminology • 10% directly still used in English • Many phrases used to this day • Carpe Diem • Et Cetera • Quid Pro Quo • Where do you see Latin almost everyday?

ANY QUESTIONS?