Grammar Notes Adjectives parvus porcus ADJECTIVES and Adverbs

Grammar Notes: Adjectives (parvus porcus) ADJECTIVES – and Adverbs words describing nouns/pronouns ENGLISH – small; pretty LATIN – parvus; pulchra ADVERBS – (pulchra puella) describes a verb ENGLISH – quickly; slowly LATIN– celeriter; tarde (THIS IS WHAT WE KNOW!!!!!!!!!!!)

Adjectives(from Latin 2) 2 Types of Adjectives: � 1 st/2 nd declension - e. g. laetus, -a, -um � 3 rd declension - e. g. celeris, -e � DICTIONARY FORM – masc. nom. sing. , fem. , nom. , sing. , neuter, nom. , sing. – meaning endings must AGREE with the gender, number, and case of the Latin noun they describe ◦ EXAMPLES: parvus porcus – the small pig � Their �“porcus” is masculine, nominative, singular �“parvus” has a masculine, nominative, singular ending �THUS, they AGREE!!! �tardus senator – the slow senator �“senator” is masculine, nominative, singular �“tardus” has a masculine, nominative, singular ending �THUS, they AGREE!!!

ADVERB ENDINGS… � Adverbs are formed from Adjectives � Adverbs ending in “-e” come from 1 st/2 nd declen. Adjectives (us, a, um Adj. ) � Adverbs ending in “-ter”, or “-iter” come from 3 rd declen. Adjectives (is, e Adj. ) e. g. - tardus = slow; tarde = slowly laetās = happy; laete = happily celeris = quick/fast; celeriter = quickly fortis = brave; fortiter = bravely

Making Adjectives, Adverbs POSITIVE ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ADJECTIVE: clarus, -a, -um (1 st/2 nd declen. Adj. ) ADVERB: clare ADJECTIVE: lēvis, levis, lēve (3 rd declen. Adj. ) ADVERB: lēviter NOTA BENE: like everything in LATIN, there are exceptions to the rules above e. g. … bonus, -a, -um (good) becomes, bene – well** parvus, -a, -um(small) becomes, paulum-little** magnus, -a, -um(great) becomes, magnoperegreatly** Irregular adverbs; forms must be memorized!

PRACTICE!!!!! Identify each as an adjective or adverb from the Stage 21 vocab. list and translate: 1. graviter - ____ 2. nonnullae - ____ 3. sapiens - ____ 4. occupate - _____ 5. durum - _____ 6. **nuper -______ **different endings, check MEANING!!!** Change each ADJ. to an ADV. based on your notes & translate. 1. peritus - ______ 2. plenus -________ 3. sapientis - _____ 4. avidī - ________ 5. tristem - _____ 6. audacibus - ______

Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs DEGREE OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS Positive, Comparative, Superlative ADJECTIVES: EXAMPLES: Positive Comparative Superlative - ADVERBS ENGLISH pretty prettier prettiest Positive - quickly Comparative - more quickly Superlative - very quickly LATIN pulcher pulchrior pulcherrima celeriter celerius celerrime

“quam” and Adjectives quam = “than” or “how” Uses of “quam” 1. quam + regular/positive adj. = “how” ex. quam pulchra est puella! How pretty the girl is! 2. quam + comparative adj. = “than” ex. Caecilius est quam pulchrior Quintus. Caecilius is more handsome than Quintus. 3. quam + superlative adj. = “as…as possible” ex. quam celerrimus – as quick as possible ***when used with a superlative ADVERB, quam celerrime = as quick. LY as possible