GRAMMAR FAULTY PARALLELISM COMPLETE SENTENCE FRAGMENTS Components to

GRAMMAR: FAULTY PARALLELISM COMPLETE SENTENCE FRAGMENTS

Components to cover: • PARALLELISM: FAULTY PARALLELISM • COMPLETE SENTENCE • SENTENCE FRAGMENTS

DEFINITION OF PARALLELISM Parallelism is a similarity of form in words, phrases, or clauses that have similar functions in a sentence or a paragraph. It also refers to writing equivalent ideas in similar grammatical form. Parallelism helps achieve balance in a sentence and tends to equalize the importance given to each of the items mentioned.

WHEN TO USE PARALLELISM? Example 1. Items in Lists: Words, phrases, or clauses in a list or 1. Erin likes surfing the net, working series should all have the same out, and visiting her family. grammatical structure. 2. Items Joined by Coordinating Conjunctions: Words or phrases joined by coordinating conjunctions should have the same structure. 2. Chocolate and peanut butter taste great together.

WHEN TO USE PARALLELISM? 3. Elements joined by correlative conjunctions, such as "either. . . or" and not "only . . . but also, " should be parallel. Example 3. We could go fishing or go bicycling. 4. Two elements that are 4. I like blue cars as opposed to compared or contrasted should red cars. be expressed in parallel structures.

WHAT IS FAULTY PARALLELISM? When similar parts of a sentence do not follow the same structure, you have created Faulty Parallelism.

UNDERSTANDING PARALLELISM Use similar structures to express similar ideas. a)Put nouns with nouns b)Put verbs with verbs c)Put adjectives with adjectives Example a) Faulty (F): I enjoy basketball more than playing video games. Correct (C): I enjoy basketball more than video games. b) F: On our anniversary, we ate, danced, and were singing. C: On our anniversary, we ate, danced, and sang. c) My history class was both interesting and a challenge. C: My history class was both interesting and challenging.

PARALLELISM IN PAIRS AND LISTS Parallelism in pairs and list is used when you present two or more items in a series joined by and or or, use similar form for each item. Example Faulty: I am doing well in my English class, in my math class, and my history class. Correct: I am doing well in my English class, in my math class, and in my history class. .

PARALLELISM IN COMPARISON In comparisons, the items being compared must have parallel structure. Example F: Driving to Austin is as fast as to fl C: Driving to Austin is as fast as flyin F: Buying textbooks is almost as exp tuition. C: Buying textbooks is almost as exp paying tuition. C: Textbooks are almost as expensiv tuition.

FAULTY PARALLELISM Remember that items in series should be in continuation and in parallel structure. Example The anthropologist travele heated jungles, along insec infested rivers, and up stee mountain trails. My neighbor is a novelist, a gardener, and a horseman

FAULTY PARALLELISM Alternatives joined by “and, ” “or, ” “but, ” or “nor” should be parallel. Example Faulty: The president of the club wondered whether he should pay the bills or to resign. Correct: The president of the club wondered whether he should pay the bills or resign.

ACTIVITY 1 Read the sentence carefully and choose the right option: Question 1: A. Barking dogs, kittens that were meowing, and squawking parakeets greet the pet shop visitors. B. Barking dogs, meowing kittens, and squawking parakeets greet the pet shop visitors. C. Dogs that bark, kittens that meow, and parakeets squawking greet the pet shop visitors.

ACTIVITY 1 Read the sentence carefully and choose the right option: Question 2: A. During class, Samuel spent his time flirting with Brittney, eating candy, and doodling on the assignment sheet. B. During class, Samuel spent his time flirting with Brittney, he ate candy, and doodling on the assignment sheet. C. During class, Samuel spent his time to flirt with Brittney, to eat candy, and doodling on the assignment sheet.

ACTIVITY 1 Read the sentence carefully and choose the right option: Question 3: A. Alex looked everywhere for his math book—under the bed, on his desk, and he searched inside the refrigerator. B. Alex looked everywhere for his math book— viewing under the bed, searching on his desk, and inside the refrigerator. C. Alex looked everywhere for his math book—under the bed, on his desk, and inside the refrigerator.

ACTIVITY 1 Read the sentence carefully and choose the right option: Question 4: A. The manager wanted staff who arrived on time, smiled at the customers, and didn’t snack on the chicken nuggets. B. The manager wanted staff who arrived on time, would be smiling at the customers, and would not be snacking on the chicken nuggets. C. The manager wanted staff who arrived on time, smiled at the customers, and no snacking on the chicken nuggets.

ACTIVITY 1 Read the sentence carefully and choose the right option: Question 5: A. After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had to tolerate his late night calls, stupid conversations, and requests for her math homework. B. After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had to tolerate his late night calls, the fact that he carried on stupid conversations, and requests for her math homework. C. After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had to tolerate being woken up late at night, having stupid conversations, and he constantly requested her math homework.

ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY 1 Question 1: B Question 2: A Question 3: C Question 4: A Question 5: A

ACTIVITY 2 Fill in the blanks with the correct option: 1. Pasta boiling in water, _____, and garlic bread baking in the oven welcomed Francisco as he opened the door. A. B. C. D. simmered tomato sauce in the pan tomato sauce simmering in the pan tomato sauce that simmered in the pan saucy tomatoes that were simmering in the pan

ACTIVITY 2 Fill in the blanks with the correct option: 2. During our vacation in the Bahamas, we hope _____, to enjoy beautiful sunsets, and to dance ourselves dizzy at reggae clubs. A. B. C. D. that we eat delicious seafood that eating delicious seafood occurs to eat delicious seafood eating delicious seafood

ACTIVITY 2 Fill in the blanks with the correct option: 3. Karen wished Ray chewed with his mouth closed, . for otherwise he was everything she wanted in a date; he was tall, intelligent, and _____. A. B. C. D. he looked good being good looking one handsome man to look at handsome

ACTIVITY 2 Fill in the blanks with the correct option: 4. To win Laurie’s love, Albert visited the florist for 4. roses, the drugstore for a box of chocolates, and _____. A. bought an expensive gold necklace at the jewelry store B. the jeweler for an expensive gold necklace C. the jeweler where he bought an expensive gold necklace D. to buy an expensive gold necklace

ACTIVITY 2 Fill in the blanks with the correct option: 5. Kimberly won’t date Terry because he is too short, 5. too noisy, and _____. A. B. C. D. because he picks his teeth with his fingers too impolite is the most impolite man she has ever met Picking his teeth with his fingers

ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY 2 Question 1: B Question 2: C Question 3: D Question 4: B Question 5: B

WHAT IS A SENTENCE FRAGMENT? Sentences are in fragments only when they do not have a clause attached to them. There are some punctuations needed for new sentences. A sentence tells a complete idea. A fragment tells and incomplete idea.

WHAT IS A COMPLETE SENTENCE? A complete sentence must have: • • • A subject A verb Must express a complete idea. It must start with a capital letter in the beginning and end with a full stop. Example My homework is taking every waking hour. INCLUDES • Subject (My homework) • Verb (is taking ) • Expresses a complete idea (I’m tired!)

FRAGMENTED SENTENCE A sentence that does not have either a verb, a subject or a complete idea. Example My math homework. No VERB: Doesn’t express the action Taking every waking hour. No SUBJECT: Doesn’t explain who or what Because my math homework is taking every waking hour. No COMPLETED IDEA. Because of this, what?

COMMON FRAGMENT TYPES APPOSITIVE PHRASE: An appositive phrase is a word that explains or adds extra information. Example FRAGMENTED SENTENCE: I tried everything I could think of to get an A. Such as bribing the professor. COMPLETE SENTENCE: I tried everything I could think of to get an A, such as bribing the professor.

COMMON FRAGMENT TYPES PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE: A prepositional phrase is a group of words containing a preposition, a noun or pronoun object of the preposition, and any modifiers of the object. Example FRAGMENTED SENTENCE: I hope to complete the requirements for my major. By the end of next semester. COMPLETE SENTENCE: I hope to complete the requirements for my major by the end of next semester.

COMMON FRAGMENT TYPES INCOMPLETE VERBS: Incomplete verbs are the past or present participles without the helping verb Example FRAGMENTED SENTENCE: The student sleeping in the back row. COMPLETE SENTENCE: The student was sleeping in the back row.

COMMON FRAGMENT TYPES DEPENDENT CLAUSE: They are group of words that contains a subject and verb but doesn’t express a complete thought because of the beginning word. Example FRAGMENTED SENTENCE: I kept working on my essay. Although I was tired. COMPLETE SENTENCE: I kept working on my essay, although I was tired.

ACTIVITY 1 For each of the following, write S on the line if it is a complete sentence. Write F if it is a sentence fragment. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ___Long, long ago, in a faraway land. ___ There lived a princess named Gretchen. ___ The most beautiful girl in the land. ___ She was still very unhappy. ___ Her 21 st birthday was approaching.

ACTIVITY 1 For each of the following, write S on the line if it is a complete sentence. Write F if it is a sentence fragment. 6. ___ Her twin brother, Prince Reginald, would become king. 7. ___ She would have to marry King Jomen of Far Land. 8. ___ A very cruel and unkind man. 9. ___ She decided to run away and formed an excellent plan. 10. ___ The plan required the help of her friends, Grumpy and Happy.

ACTIVITY 1 For each of the following, write S on the line if it is a complete sentence. Write F if it is a sentence fragment. 11. ___ They were eager to help, as they did not like the idea of their friend being unhappy for the rest of her life. 12. ___ She disguised herself as a maid and left the palace. 13. ___ Unfortunately, her brother saw her and thought she was being kidnapped. 14. ___ Set out to rescue her. 15. ___ She ran until she reached Near Land.

ACTIVITY 1 For each of the following, write S on the line if it is a complete sentence. Write F if it is a sentence fragment. 16. ___ A happy and somewhat silly place full of very silly people. 17. ___ When Prince Reginald reached Near Land. 18. ___ She agreed to go home when he promised that when he became king, he would not make her marry anybody.

ANSWER TO ACTIVITY 1 Answers: Complete Sentences and Sentence Fragments 1. F 2. S 3. F 4. S 5. S 6. S 7. S 8. F 9. S 10. S

ANSWER TO ACTIVITY 1 Answers: Complete Sentences and Sentence Fragments 11. S 12. S 13. S 14. F 15. S 16. F 17. F 18. S

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