Grammar B 2 verb patterns ing and infinitives

Grammar B 2 verb patterns: -ing and infinitives Recommended for: Gold Experience Focus High Note 2019 1

Language is full of patterns. Let’s look at: 1. Fixed verb patterns with –ing, to + infinitive and the bare infinitive. 2. Common uses of –ing and infinitive patterns. 3. Verb patterns with would rather, had better and it’s time. 4. Verb patterns with both –ing and infinitives. What are the fixed patterns? Copyright © 2019 by Pearson Education Gold Experience | Focus | High Note

1. fixed verb patterns I really hate missing the rock concert tonight, but I can’t afford to buy the ticket right now. Look at the conversation and find examples of these fixed patterns. verb + to + infinitive If your parents let you go, I can help you to get one. You can pay me back next week. verb + –ing can’t afford to buy verb + object + to + infinitive hate missing help you to get help letafford you to go can’t toget buy hate missing Copyright © 2019 by Pearson Education Gold Experience | Focus | High Note verb + object + bare infinitive let you go

1. fixed verb patterns verb + to + infinitive verb + –ing verb + object + to + infinitive Afford, arrange, agree, prepare, would like, decide, hope, intend, learn, manage, need, offer, refuse. Hate, admit, avoid, discuss, enjoy, recommend, mention, miss, include, feel like, spend time, delay, consider. Help, advise, allow, force, Let, make. instruct, prefer, request, remind, teach, warn, forbid, persuade, order, encourage. Careful! In the passive voice, we use to + infinitive after make. E. g. He was made to go home early. With these fixed verb patterns, the 2 nd verb depends on the first. There are many verbs in English that are followed by these common patterns. Copyright © 2019 by Pearson Education verb + object + bare infinitive It’s important to record all new ones when you discover them. Gold Experience | Focus | High Note Some verbs can be followed by to + infinitive or –ing with no or very little change in meaning. E. g. begin, start, continue, dread, propose. Common uses of –ing and infinitive patterns.

2. common uses of –ing and infinitive patterns Being the youngest child was always the best. I never had to ask permission to do anything because my parents were much more relaxed. It’s hard to believe they were the same people! My older sister was afraid to ask to go out because she knew they would want to know every detail. She was very good at making up stories! When she left to go to university, she finally found freedom. preposition + –ing Good at making up as a subject Being the youngest child noun + to + infinitive Permission to do Look at the story above. Can you find examples of these common uses of –ing and infinitive patterns? Copyright © 2019 by Pearson Education Gold Experience | Focus | High Note adjective + to + infinitive of purpose Afraid to ask Hard to believe Afraid ask Being the Leave to godo Hard to believe Permission Good at to making to youngest up child Leave to go

2. common uses of –ing and infinitive patterns Being the youngest child was always the best. I never had to ask permission to do anything because my parents were much more relaxed. It’s hard to believe they were the same people! My older sister was afraid to ask to go out because she knew they would want to know every detail. She was very good at making up stories! When she left to go to university, she finally found freedom. + -ing + to + infinitive preposition + –ing as a subject noun + to + infinitive adjective + to + infinitive of purpose She was very good at making up stories! Being the youngest child was always the best. I never had to ask for permission to do anything. My older sister was afraid to ask. It’s hard to believe they were the same people! She left to go to university. All phrasal verbs are also followed by –ing. E. g. He gave up smoking. Copyright © 2019 by Pearson Education Gold Experience | Focus | High Note You can also use the phrases in order to or so as to here. When and how do we use the expressions would rather, had better and it’s time?

3. verb patterns with would rather, had better and it’s time What do you want to watch at the cinema? I’d rather watch the comedy than the horror film. We had better call Jimmy to make sure he’s ready because it’s nearly time to go! Look at the three phrases in bold. Which one do we use to express a preference? I’d rather watch… We had better call… Copyright © 2019 by Pearson Education Look at the patterns which follow the three phrases. Do we use –ing, to + infinitive, or a bare infinitive? Look at the three phrases in bold. Which one do we use to give advice or talk about a personal obligation? Gold Experience | Focus | High Note It’s time to go… Look at the three phrases in bold. Which one do we use to talk about the appropriate time to do something? 1. would rather/had better + bare infinitive 2. It’s time + to + infinitive

3. verb patterns with would rather, had better and it’s time would rather + bare infinitive (than) had better + bare infinitive It’s time + to + infinitive To express preferences. To give advice and express personal obligation. To talk about the favourable or appropriate time to do something. I’d rather watch the comedy than the horror film. We had better call Jimmy. It’s (nearly) time to leave. We can also use would rather + person + past tense to talk about something you would prefer someone else to do. We can also use It’s time + person + past tense to talk about something we should do. would rather + person + past tense It’s time + person + past tense To talk about something you would prefer another person to do. To talk about something you think you or someone else should do. I’d rather you arrived the day before the wedding. Copyright © 2019 by Pearson Education Remember. These don’t refer to the past. The sentences still refer to now or the future. Gold Experience | Focus | High Note In all 3 expressions, you can use contractions. E. g. I’d rather. . . It’s time (that) you went to bed! Verbs with –ing and infinitives?

4. verb patterns with –ing and infinitives Remember A. I remembered to turn off the lights before we left. B. I remember turning off the lights before we left. Look at these sentence pairs. Forget A. He forgot to call his mother. B. I will never forget going on a plane for the first time. Stop A. Mary stopped at the bank to take out some money. B. Tim stopped working here last week. Regret A. I regret to inform you that you didn’t get the job. B. I regret eating all that cake! Sentences A are followed by to + infinitive whereas sentences B are followed by –ing. Are the meanings of the verbs in bold the same of different in both examples? Try A. They tried to call, but I had already left. B. I tried staying up late to study, but felt too tired. Copyright © 2019 by Pearson Education Gold Experience | Focus | High Note Look at the sentence pairs and try to work out the difference in meaning. Different.

4. verb patterns with –ing and infinitives remember A. I remembered to turn off the lights before we left. B. I remember turning off the lights before we left. Remember that you have to do something. Remember that you did something. forget A. He forgot to call his mother. B. I will never forget going on a plane for the first time. stop A. Mary stopped at the bank to take out some money. B. Tim stopped working here last week. regret Forget that you have to do something. Forget that you did something in the past. Stop in order to do something (purpose). No longer do something. Formal meaning ‘I’m sorry to tell you that’. A. I regret to inform you that you didn’t get the job. B. I regret eating all that cake! Some verbs can be followed by to + infinitive or – ing, but the meaning of the verb changes. Regret something from the past you can’t change. try A. They tried to call, but I had already left. B. I tried staying up late to study, but felt too tired. Copyright © 2019 by Pearson Education Gold Experience | Focus | High Note Attempt to do something. Experiment with something to see if it works. Let’s practise!

Practice activities Use the correct form of the verbs in bold to complete the gaps. speaking 1. I really miss ……………… to my best friend every day. speak putting 2. A: I can’t find my keys anywhere! B: Do you remember ………… them in your bag? put didn’t bring 3. I’d rather you ……………… your dog to the party. There will be too many people. not bring clean up 4. Do your parents make you ……………. after dinner or not? clean up to say 5. I saw Cecilia by the pet shop and she stopped ……………. . hello. to write 6. Sophie didn’t have enough information ………………. the book. say write making 7. Patrick is excellent at …………… people laugh. make to be 8. My parents always taught me …………………. patient. be Copyright © 2019 by Pearson Education Gold Experience | Focus | High Note