GRAMMAR APPOSITIVE PARTICIPLE PHRASES APPOSITIVE PHRASE Definition Noun

GRAMMAR APPOSITIVE & PARTICIPLE PHRASES

APPOSITIVE PHRASE • Definition: Noun phrases that identify adjacent nouns or pronouns • Appositives allow writers to eliminate unnecessary words and combine related ideas in one sentence • Three ways that they can occur: • Sentence Openers • Subject-Verb Splits • Sentence Closers

EXAMPLE • Rita is a good friend of mine. She works as a police officer. • A good friend of mine, Rita works as a police officer. • Rita, a good friend of mine, works as a police officer. • Rita, a police officer, is a good friend of mine. • A police officer, Rita is a good friend of mine.

OTHER EXAMPLES • Tommy cheats at board games. • Tommy, a cheat at board games, can never find anyone who wants to play with him anymore. • Donnie needs an outlet for his overstimulated intellect. • An exceptionally bright student, Donnie seeks an outlet through board games for her overstimulated intellect.

SENTENCE OPENERS • One of eleven brothers and sisters, Harriet was a moody willful child. (Langston Hughes) • A balding, smooth-faced man, he could have been anywhere between forty and sixty. (Harper Lee) • A short, round boy of seven, he took little interest in troublesome things, preferring to remain on good terms with everyone. (Mildred D. Taylor)

SUBJECT-VERB SPLITS • Poppa, a good quiet man, spent the last hours before our parting moving aimlessly about the yard, keeping to himself and avoiding me. (Gordon Parks) • A man, a weary old pensioner with a bald dirty head and a stained brown corduroy waistcoat, appeared at the door of a small gate lodge. (Brian Moore) • Van’ka Zhukov, a boy of nine who had been apprenticed to the shoemaker Alyakhin three months ago, was staying up that Christmas eve. (Anton Chekhov)

SENTENCE CLOSERS • The boy looked at them, big black ugly insects. (Doris Lessing) • Hour after hour he stood there, silent, motionless, a shadow carved in ebony and moonlight. • He had the appearance of a man who had done a great thing, something greater than an ordinary man would do.

REVIEW: WHAT TYPE ARE THESE? • Elvis Presley, the famous king of 50 s rock and roll who achieved fame overnight, made his first national appearance on the “Ed Sullivan Show. ” • A creative, deep-lying playmaker, Andrea Pirlo was the catalyst for Juventus’ recent European success. • Cameron always liked the weird ones best, the ones you couldn’t peg right off.

YOUR TURN: UNSCRAMBLING • struggled as usual • she • to maintain her calm, composed, friendly bearing • a sort of mask she wore all over her body • She struggled as usual to main her calm, composed, friendly bearing, a sort of mask she wore all over her body. (DH Lawrence)

YOUR TURN: UNSCRAMBLING • • • an old, bowlegged fellow in a pale-blue sweater the judge and was reading over some notes he had taken had stopped examining the animals on the back of a dirty envelope • The judge, an old, bowlegged fellow in a pale-blue sweater, had stopped examining the animals and was reading over some notes he had taken on the back of a dirty envelope. (Jessamyn West)

YOUR TURN: UNSCRAMBLING • the tyrannosaur • with huge flaring nostrils • a long snuffling inhalation that fluttered Baselton’s trouser legs • gave Baselton a smell • With huge flaring nostrils, the tyrannosaur gave Baselton a smell, a long snuffling inhalation that fluttered Baselton’s trouser legs. (Michael Crichton)

IMITATING • Model: Beside the fireplace old Doctor Winter sat, bearded and simple and benign, historian and physician to the town. (John Steinbeck) • • president and valedictorian of the senior class by the podium intelligent and composed and smiling scholarly Henrietta stood • By the podium scholarly Henrietta stood, intelligent and composed and smiling, president and valedictorian of the senior class.

YOUR TURN: IMITATION PRACTICE • Model: A tall, rawhide man in an unbuttoned, sagging vest, he was visibly embarrassed by any furnishings that suggested refinement. • • president and valedictorian of the senior class by the podium intelligent and composed and smiling scholarly Henrietta stood

YOUR TURN: IMITATION PRACTICE • Model: His car, a perfectly maintained 1960 Thunderbird that was his pride and joy, stood in the driveway. (Stephen King) • • beaming and affectionate and happy bride and groom in their finery they danced under the canopy

APPOSITIVE PRACTICE • You can work in groups of 3 • Finish Practice set 2, 3, and 4 in the Grammar book

PARTICIPIAL PHRASE • Definition: Describe nouns or pronouns; act as adjectives • Present participles always end in –ing • Past participles usually end in –ed • Three types • Sentence Openers • Subject-Verb Splits • Sentence Closers

EXAMPLES • Sadao had his reward • Sadao, searching the spot of black in the twilight sea that night, had his reward. (Pearl S. Buck, The Enemy) • The sun rose clear and bright, tinging the foamy crests of the waves with a reddish purple. (Alexander Dumas, Count of Monte Cristo) • Spencer took half an hour, swimming in one of the pools which was filled with the seasonal rain, waiting for the pursues to catch up to him. (Ray Bradbury, The Martian Chronicles)

APPOSITIVE VS. PARTICIPIAL PHRASES • Appositives are noun phrases that identify adjacent nouns or pronouns • Participles are verbs acting as adjectives • Participial phrases have no subject and begin with a verb form (-ing or –ed) • Both can occur anywhere in a sentence (openers, subject-verb splits, and closers)

PRESENT PARTICIPLES • Professor Kazan, wearing a spotlessly white tropical suit and a wide-brimmed hat, was the first ashore. (Arthur C. Clarke, Dolphin Island) • Minute fungi overspread the whole exterior, hanging in a fine tangled web-work from the eaves. (Edgar Allan Poe, “The Fall of the House of Usher”) • Rising out of the sea, the whale started to attack the hapless ship.

PAST PARTICIPLES • The tent, illumined by candle, glowed warmly in the midst of the plain. (Jack London, The Call of the Wild) • Enchanted and enthralled, I stopped her constantly for details. (Richard Wright, Black Boy) • Printed on the finest paper, the document was very valuable.

WHICH TYPE? • Whistling, he let the escalator waft him into the still night air. (Ray Bradbury, Fahrenheit 451) • Annoyed by the noise, the teacher reprimanded the student. • Wayne Rooney, having won the soccer game, basked in the cheers of the English fans. • She called to him, excited (Daphne du Maurier, The Birds)

MORE PARTICIPIAL PHRASES • Participial phrases often add descriptions to nouns and pronouns because they act as adjectives • Tommy cheats at every board game he plays • How would you rewrite this? • Cheating at every board game he plays, Tommy rarely loses to anyone. • Julia avoids playing games with Tommy. • Julia avoiding games with Tommy, seeks other people to play with.

UNSCRAMBLE: SHOW ALL TYPES • was waiting on the landing outside • Bernard • wearing a black turtleneck sweater, dirty flannels, and slippers • How can you have a sentence with participial phrase in sentence opener? • What about as subject-verb split? • Is it possible to have a sentence with participial phrase as sentence closer? • Which of these phrases is acceptable? Unacceptable?

UNSCRAMBLE: SHOW ALL TYPES • black • a little house • perched on high piles • In the distance • appeared • How can you have a sentence with participial phrase in sentence opener? • What about as subject-verb split? • Is it possible to have sentence with participial phrase as sentence closer? • Which of these phrases is acceptable? Unacceptable?

UNSCRAMBLE • all had the look of invalids crawling into the hospital on their last legs • the passengers • blinking their eyes against the blinding sunlight • Emerging from the mildewed dimness of the customs sheds • The passengers, emerging from the mildewed dimness of the customs sheds, blinking their eyes against the blinding sunlight, all had the look of invalids crawling into the hospital on their last legs.

HOMEWORK • You can work in groups of 3 • Complete Appositives & Participles Worksheet • What you do not finish in class is homework