GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA Ross University School of Veterinary

GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine Bacteriology March 2004 Amy Fayette

What is the major source of infection with Listeria monocytogenes? • Silage • p. H over 5. 5

What is the morphology of rhodococcus equi? • Gram + • Some rods, some cocci

What is a synonym of C. pseudotuberculosis? • C. ovis

What is the most common sign of C. pseudotuberculosis in horses? • Ulcerative lymphangitis • Abscesses and swellings in lnn. That burst and leave ulcers

What are the host factors behind rhodococcus equi? • Age- 6 weeks • Breed lines

What is the bacteria that causes listeriosis? • Listeria monocytogenes

What is the most common sign of C. pseudotuberculosis in sheep? • Pus filled lymph nodes

What are the forms of disease caused by Listeria monocytogenes? • • Neural disease- meningoencephalitis Septicemia Abortion Mastitis

What is the morphology of typical corynebacterium spp. ? • Small gram + rods • Club-shaped swellings at one or both ends • “chinese lettering”

What is the morphology of Actinomyces? • Gram + • Slender rods

What causes cystitis and pyelonephritis in cattle and “pizzle rot” in sheep and goats? • Corynebacterium renale group • C. renale • C. pilosum • C. cystidis

What is the disease forms associated with Actinomyces suis? • Habitat is prepuce and urethra of boar • Disease only in sow, causing cystitis and pyelonephritis

How is tetanus diagnosed? • Clinical signs • Discovery of appropriate wound

What is the morphology of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? • Gram + • slender rods

What is the main cause of pizzle rot in sheep? • High protein diet

What are the main forms of erysipelas in pigs? • • Septicemia Diamond skin lesions (urticaria) Endocarditis arthritis

What is the disease associated with Actinomyces bovis in horses? • Infection of bursae in horses • “poll evil” or “fistulous withers”

What is the bacteria associated with Swine erysipelas? • Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

What is the morphology of Listeria monocytogenes? • Small gram + rods • May be coccoid

How is Listeria typically enriched in the laboratory? • “cold enrichment”

What is the morphology of Arcanobacterium pyogenes? • Small gram + rods • Resemble corynebacterium

What is the disease associated with Actinomyces bovis in cattle? • “lumpy jaw” • Caused by erupting teeth or abrasive food

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium sordellii? • Isolated from sudden deaths, and “big head” in rams

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium botulinum in wild birds? • “limberneck”- ingestion of rotting vegetation and dead invertebrates • Ingestion of dead fish

What are the signs associated with rhodococcus equi? • Bronchopenumonia • Extensive anscessation and lymphangitis • Necrotizing enterocolitis with ulceration

What is the disease forms associated with Nocardia asteroides? • Cattle • mastitis • Dogs, cats • aspiration of organisms • Blood stained purulent fluid in pleural cavity

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium perfringes Type A? • • • Gas gangrene (man and occasionally animals) Food Poisoning (man Colitis in horses Necrotic enteritis in chickens Enterotoxemic jaundice in lambs

What is another name for Rhodococcus equi? • Corynebacterium equi

What are the predisposing factors of dermatophilus congolensis? • Prolonged rainfall • Humid conditions • Heavy tick infestation

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium perfringes Type B? • Lamb dysentery • 2 d-2 wks old • Causes severed diarrhea sometimes with blood • Neonatal hemorrhagic enteritis in calves and foals • Enterotoxemia in adult sheep and goats

What is the morphology of dermatophilus congolensis? • Gram + rods • Branching filaments • Motile zoospores

What is the significance of Corynebacterium bovis? • Commensal of bovine udder • Provokes neutrophil response, thought to protect the udder from more serious infections

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium perfringes Type C? • Hemorrhagic enterotoxemia- esp. in neonatal piglets, lambs, foals and calves • Necrotic enteritis- chicks under 2 weeks • Enterotoxemia in post weaning/ adult sheep in Britain and adult goats

What is the general lesion produced by actinomyces spp. ? • Pyogranulomatous lesions • Presence of hard “sulfur granules”

What is the morphology of bacillus spp. ? • • Large gram+ rods Aerobic or facultative anaerobic Sporeforming Catalase +

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium perfringes Type D? • Enterotoxemia (“pulpy kidney”) • Associated with change in diet usually for better • Increases cerebral pressure which causes nervous signs • Also causes hydropericardium, and edema of lungs • Hyperglycemia, and glucosuria • Enterotoxemia in goats and possibly cattle

What are the cultural characteristics of streptococcus? • Facultative anaerobes • Catalase neg (staph catalase pos)

What are the cultural characteristics of Actinomyces? • Anaerobic or microaerophilic- some CO 2 prefered

What are the disease forms associated with Staph hyicus? • • • “Greasy pig disease” “exudative epidermitis” Primarily in Suckling piglets Excessive sebaceous secretion Subacute disease- thickening and wrinkling of skin

What is the disease forms associated with bovine farcy? • Nocardia sp. • Infection of the lymphatics of the lower limbs or head of cattle

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium perfringes Type E? • Enteritis/enterotoxemia in calves and lambs

What is the morphology of Nocardia spp. • Slender gram + rods and filaments • Modified acid-fast

What are some synonyms of dermatophilus congolensis? • Cattle- dermatophilosis, streptothricosis, senkobo skin disease • Sheep- lumpy wool, mycotic dermatitis, strawberry footrot • Horse- rain scald

What are the disease forms associated with staph intermedius? • Pyoderma in dogs and cats • Lesions in skin folds • Otitis externa

What is the disease forms associated with B. anthracis? • Septicemia with sudden death • Dark, tarry unclotted blood oozing from orifices • Spleen is greatly enlarged

What is the disease forms associated with Actinomyces hordeovulneris? • Injury by grass awns • Local abscesses and serositis

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium piliforme? • Was: bacillus piliformis • Aka: tyzzers disease • Enteritis of lower small intestine and proximal large intestine and focal necrosis of liver • Disease seen in young animals

What are three most common streptococci associated with bovine mastitis? • S. agalactiae • S. dysgalactiae • S. uberis

What is the disease forms associated with dermatophilus congolensis? • Scab and crust formation with shallow clean wound underneath

What is the disease forms associated with Arcanobacterium pyogenes? • • “summer mastitis” Transmission by flies Non-lactating heifers and cows Abscesses, empyemas and pyogranulomas

What is the disease forms associated with Streptococcus suis? • Meningitis, arthritis, pneumonia, and septicemia in pigs

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium spiroforme? • Spontaneous diarrhea in weanling rabbits • Antibiotic-induced diarrhea in adult rabbits • Enterocolitis in foals and pigs

What is the disease forms associated with B. cereus? • Mastitis • Abortion • Conjunctivitis

What is the disease forms associated with Actinomyces viscosus? • Chronic pyogranulomatous lesions of skin • Sero-sanguineous purulent fluid in the pleural cavity

What is the disease forms associated with Streprococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus? • Metritis, abortion, navel ill/joint ill

What is the morphology of Mycobacterium • • • Slender rods Gram + Acid fast Straight or slightly curved Strictly aerobic

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium difficile? • Antibiotic-induced enterocolitis in man, rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs • Spontaneous diarrhea in dogs, foals and pigs

What is the morphology of staphylococcus? • • • Gram + cocci “bunches of grapes” Coagulase + Catalase + Facultative anaerobe Tolerates high Na. Cl

How is infection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis acquired? • Ingestion of infected feed or water

What is the causative agent behind “strangles” • Streptococcus equi subspecies equi

What is thought to influence the onset of signs associated with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis? • stress

What is the number 1 cause of mastitis? • Staph aureus

What is the disease forms associated with S. equi subspecies equi? • Nasal discharge, inflammation of mucosa of nasopharynx • Bastard strangles- widespread abscessation in a variety of organs • Purpura hemorrhagica- immune mediated vasculitis, SQ edema, petechial hemorrhages

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium chauvoei? • • Aka. Blackleg, quarter evil, blackquarter Blackening of the muscle and gas build up High temp Depressed and lame

What is the disease forms associated with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis? • Chronic enteritis of ruminants • Chronic wasting disease with intermittent diarrhea • Edema and thickening of ileo-cecal valve • Edema of mesenteric lnn.

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium botulinum in ruminants? • Phosphorus deficiency leading to depraved appetite where animals eat bones of dead animals • “forage poisoning”- preserved food contains toxin from rotting bodies of dead rodents

What is the disease forms associated with B. larvae? • Foulbrood in bees

What is the disease forms associated with Streptococcus porcinus? • Abscessation of lnn. especially of head in pigs

What are the disease forms associated with Clostridium septicum? • • • Aka. Malignant edema, braxy Common, active post morten invader Gains entry by soil contamination of wounds Muscle dark brown to black Little gas formation

What is the morphology of streptococcus? • Gram + cocci • Pairs or chains

What is the pathology behind Braxy? • Clostridium septicum • Caused by eating of frozen grass • Damages wall of abomasum

What human disease is thought to be associated with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis? • Crohn’s disease

What is the disease forms associated with B. licheniformis? • Abortion

What diseases are caused by the two types of clostridium novyi • Type A- “gas gangrene”, “big head” in rams • Type B- “black disease” in sheep

What is the disease forms associated with Clostridium tetani? • “tetanus” • Lock jaw in humans and animals • Overstimulation of motor neurons which causes a rigidity of extensors

What is the disease forms associated with Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis? • Misc pyogenic infections in many species of animals

What are the disease forms associated with “big head” • Clostridium novyi Type A • Edematous swelling of head and neck after infection due to trauma to the SQ tissues of the head

What types of injuries typically cause tetanus? wounds horn disbudding castration/emasculation navel

What is the morphology of clostridium? • • Large gram + rods Spore forming Anaerobic Catalase neg

What are the disease forms associated with “black disease”? • • • Aka. Infectious necrotic hepatitis Clostridium novyi Type B Organisms lodge in liver following ingestion Multiply in lesions formed by liver flukes Increased necrosis of liver and sudden death

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium botulinum in equines? • “forage poisoning”- preserved food contains toxin from rotting bodies of dead rodents • “shaker foal syndrome”- organisms multiply in necrotic lesions in the gastro-intestinal tract

What is the disease forms associated with Streptococcus canis? • Neonatal septicemia and metritis

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium haemolyticum? • Was called C. novyi Type D • Aka. Bacillary hemoglobinuria • Can produce toxin when multiplying in areas of liver necrosis usually due to fluke migration • Hemoglobinuria, anemia, pale and raised purple areas