Grafting Budding 1 Definitions Grafting a form of

Grafting & Budding 1

Definitions • Grafting- a form of vegetative propagation creating a (union) between a desired ornamental or fruit tree stick (scion) to a desired root stock. Scion Union Root Stock 2

• Budding-the vegetative propagation process that attaches a desired fruit or ornamental bud to the trunk of a hardy rootstock. BUD Root Stock Bud Union 3

• Scion- Desirable ornamental or fruit stick. • Root Stock- A hardy portion of the plant that can survive the local conditions. • Union- The point of contact between the scion and root stock where by tissues unit and proper function is re-established. 4

Why Do We Graft & Bud Trees? • Introduction: – This is the fastest form of reproduction of desirable trees that add either fruit, nuts, ornamental beauty to our landscapes. – 95% of all deciduous trees are budded. – 25% of all fruit trees are grafted after 25 -30 years of production. – Without grafting or budding 80% of all fruit, nut and ornamental trees could not be grown in the diversity of environments in the world. 5

• Budding- is the main form of vegetative reproduction of deciduous trees. • The reason for budding: • Fast form of propagation(takes 10 -11 months to complete) • Requires only individual buds to attach to each established root stock. • Highest success rates for the diversity of plant materials used. • Relatively low in cost to execute. 6

• Grafting- is the form of vegetative reproduction of deciduous trees that is used to dwarf, invigorate, repair or improve defects. • The reason for grafting: • Used to invigorate established fruit trees by adding new varieties to an established root stock. • Repairs damage by mice, rabbits, and humans to the roots and bark of trees. • Improves structural defects of trees. • Is used to dwarf desired plant material. 7

Unit 2 Morphology • The purpose of this unit is to give understanding and clarity to the parts and external structures and their functions. • Learning Outcomes: – Students should be able to: • Identify the external parts of the tree and recall their functions. • Locate the structures of a tree. 8

• Introduction: – Before people can graft or bud they must be able to locate the major structures and tissues of the plant (morphology) and understand their function (physiology). – Most grafts or budded materials fail because of poor cambium contact. This is largely due to the lack of knowledge of location 9

External Structure of a Tree • Roots – – – Suckers Laterals Sinkers Root Hairs Tap Root • Stem – – – Water Sprouts Central Leader Scaffolds Laterals Lenticels Fruit Spurs • Buds – – Terminal Lateral Pseudo-Terminal Adventitious 10

Roots • Tap Root-Major root growing downward – Usually pruned off in nursery to form fibrous roots for better survival. • Lateral Root-roots that extend outward. – Found in the top 0 -6 inches of soil. – Has greatest concentration of root hairs and storage of water & nutrients. • Root Hairs-hairs found on root surfaces. – Function for 12 -24 hrs – Solely responsible for water & nutrient uptake. • Sinker roots-Downward growing roots from laterals – Used to anchor trees from strong winds. – Some water & nutrient storage. • Suckers-Stems that come from the root stock. – Not desirable for fruit or ornamental uses. – Usually the result of injury to tree below the union. 11

Roots Root Hair Lateral Tap Sinker Suckers 12

• Stems Central Leader-The major trunk of the tree that scaffolds develop off of. • Scaffolds- Major limbs that project off of the central leader and support lateral branches. • Laterals-Are the branches that develop off of scaffolds to support buds. • Water Sprouts-Are shoots that arise from adventitious buds after pruning. – Occur above the union. – Are the preferred wood to make bud sticks or to graft with. • Lenticels- ports on a stem that allow exchange of moisture and gases. • Fruit Spurs- A modified part of a stem that produces fruit. – Takes 3 years to produced. – Is identified by it’s distinctive rings. • Internodes- The distance Between nodes. • Node-Is a site of pooled cambium that can be stimulated to form buds or roots. 13

Lateral Central Leader Scaffold

Rings Water Sprouts Fruit Spur 15

Node A Bud Arising From A Node

Internodes Lenticels 17

• Buds are organs of the plant that can be stimulated by light, temperature, and internal chemicals (phyto-hormones) to become: – Shoots, Leaves, or Flowers • Lateral Buds-Buds that are below the terminal buds. • Terminal Bud-Is the dominate bud of the stem. It produces high quantities of phytohormones that suppress the development of buds below it. • Pseudo-Terminal Bud-The next bud that assumes the role of the terminal bud. • Adventitious Bud- A bud that arises from a hidden node under the bark of the tree. – These show up after heavy pruning or damage to the tree. • Phyto-hormones –Chemicals found at node sites that either stimulate or retard plant growth. 18

Terminal Bud Lateral Bud 19

Terminal Bud If Terminal Bud is Removed Lateral Bud Pseudo-Terminal Bud 20

Unit 3 Physiology • The purpose of this unit is to give understanding and clarity to the tissues and internal structures and their functions of a stem. • Learning Outcomes: – Students should be able to: • Identify the internal tissues of the tree and recall their functions and application to budding and grafting. • Locate the tissues of a tree. 21

Internal Tissues of the Stem • Epidermis • Cortex • Phloem • Cambium – (meristem) • Xylem – Sapwood – Heartwood 22

• Bark- Outer layer that comprises epidermis, cortex, and phloem tissues. • Epidermis-Outer protective layer – Prevents drying out of internal tissues – A physical barrier to pests and the environment. • Cortex Tissue- a multi purpose tissue that can: – Store food – Generate cells to form tissues (meristem) • Phloem- Food transport tissue – Only operates in a downward position. • Cambium-A stem circled meristem layer that is 4 to 6 cell thick that generates non-specialized cells to become all other tissues. – These generated cells are specialized by phyto-hormones produced in the node sites just below the buds. – This tissue is located between the bark and xylem tissue. • Xylem- is water & nutrient carrying tissues. – They only function upward by osmosis. – Types • Sapwood- Active transport tissue. • Heartwood- Highly strengthened xylem that is not functioning in a transportation mode. 23

Bark Cambium Xylem 24

Cortex Phloem Annual Ring (Xylem) Epidermis 25

Unit 4 Grafting & Budding Tools Grafting Cleft Budding/Grafting Knife Budding Tape 26

Unit 5 Grafting /Budding Techniques‘ and Timing • Requirements for Budding – Timing • Late July through Early September – Plants must be in the same Genus and Species. • Example: apples budded to apples. – Collection of bud sticks • They must be fresh or collected and stored in water held at 40 -48 degrees F. – Proper Tools & Supplies • Budding or Grafting Knife • Budding Tape or Bands 27

– Knowledge of Plant Tissue Location – Correct Procedure • Attach bud on North side of tree (to prevent desiccation ) – 2 -4” above soil line • Make a “T” incision in bark to the cambium layer. • Cut a bud from bud stick. (avoid hand contact to tissue side of bud). • Insert bud into “T” incision making sure the bud is facing the correct direction. • Carefully cut the top portion of the bud with the cross portion of the “T” • Secure bud to trunk with bud tape or band. • Observe bud breaking in Spring. Cut off root stock above breaking bud (45 degree angle). 28

Make T Cut 1 (1/2”) Cut 2 ¾”-1” North side of root stock • This cut is made on the North side of the root stock 2 -4” above the root stock. • This is done in Mid-July through the 1 st week in September. • The cut is made down to the cambium. 29

• Make sure bud stick is facing up. Proceed to cut underneath bud the same length as cut # 2 in prior slide ¾”-1”. • Be sure not to touch tissue side of buds with the oils of your fingers. (the bud may not work) 30

• T-Bud Cut and Insertion complete. • Notice that the top of the bud has been cut even with the horizontal cut. • The top and bottom will be taped or banded to have intimate contact of tissues. Straight cut after insertion 31

Removal of Root Stock Leader. New Budded Variety Takes Over. 45 Degree Cut Summer T- Bud Graft Following Spring Bud Break 32

• Requirements for Grafting – Select desired scion wood from water sprouts. – Acquire sharp knife & grafting wax. – Match scion to branch diameter. – Make scion 3”-5” long – Make cuts on scion and root stock. – Attach and cover with wax. 33

Flat Cut • Select Scion wood – Match diameter to root stock Notch Cut – Cut top of scion straight. Buds Slanted cut • You should have a minimum of 2 buds. – Cut bottom of scion 1” 1”-11/2” slanted cut – Make a notch cut just below pith back towards top of scion ½”-3/4” long. Notch cut Below pith 34

Waxed Stem Thickness Waxed Straight Stem • Notice thickness of each stem. • A successful whip and tongue graft has a straight stem when finished. • The tip of the scion & the union of the graft is covered with grafting wax. 35

Completed Whip & Tongue Graft 36

Other Grafts • Cleft Graft- used to rejuvenate an established fruit tree. • Bark Graft-Used to repair damaged stems 37

Grafting Failure Scion Union Root Stock Scion Wider Than Root Stock At Union 38