Grade Distribution for Test Ch 10 11 Grade

Grade Distribution for Test Ch. 10 & 11 Grade Scale 72 – 64 = A Per. 3 6 Per. 4 5 63 - 57 = B 8 5 56 -50 = C 6 6 49 -42 = D 7 7 41 and below = F 4 6 Make ups: Next Wed. 5/23 = 6 3

Fetal Pig Dissection Review Guiding Questions and Key Figures to Know

Assignments & Expectations • All students must turn in the following: – Pre-Lab Sample Website (today’s assignt) – Reference website (printout 1 st pg. )-attach to Pre-lab – Guiding Questions (my power point slides) – Unit Questions (from guidebook) • Group Work to turn in: – A well dissected pig with all structures intact – All Image sets correctly labeled, printed, & organized – An agreed group website w/printed quizzes & images for each system we cover.

Orientation & Pre-Lab Activity • Pair up and read through the sample website Dissection Manual • Answer the Questions on the Online Exercise handout. HMWK: Explore other Fetal Pig Dissection sites that have labeled images & Quizzes. Printout the first page and attach to your Handout. Due Tomorrow (stamp) ------------------------------------ • Use the Dissection Manual to answer the Guiding Questions sets #1 & #2 Use My Website to get these questions. • Read the Introduction and answer Quest. #1 -5 • Read through Unit 1 External Features and Answer Questions #1 -5 **Go To My Website view the Manual or print it if you want

Useful Websites Use the following sites as a resource for your dissection: • http: //faculty. clintoncc. suny. edu/faculty/michael. gregory/files/bio %20102/bio%20102%20 laboratory/fetal%20 pig. htm • http: //www. whitman. edu/content/virtualpig • http: //biology. uco. edu/animalbiology/pigweb/pig. html

General Rules • No Food or Drink at your Station at all times – Participation pts. Will be lost!!! • • • Remain at your station at all times unless instructed Keep track of all instruments (do a count everyday) No open toed shoes Do not cut anything unless instructed Always follow your Dissection guide Clean the Entire table when finished (use windex)

Dissection Tasks • Researcher & Photographer (2 people) – – – Sets up computer (obtains images & info. ) Makes labels Takes photographs, prints & shares with group Answers all IQ’s and researches key information Keeps the group in check with Dissection Manual Cleans the table • Assistant/Equipment manager – Assists the Dissector with the pig. (extra person sometimes needed – Cleans, dries, and returns all supplies to the appropriate places. • Dissector-Observes the dissection procedures. – Shares/guides the group through the steps of the dissection – Identifies all the structures for the rest of the group. – Takes care of the specimen before, during, and after the dissection.

Materials Needed Daily • • • • Computer w/website up and ready to use Dissecting Manuals/Guidebook Dissecting tray Gloves Paper towels (take just enough for that day, not a full roll) Two pieces of string (each piece approx. 75 cm. ) 3 Blunt probes 4 Sharp Probes 2 Dissection Scissors & One Scissor for cutting paper 2 forceps (1 blunt & 1 fine) 12 Pins (6 large, 6 thin) Index Cards (for labels later) Large Zip-Lock Freezer Bag (Names, Period, etc. )

Initial Procedures to Begin the Dissection • Collect all the Instruments & place them in a pouch that you have labeled with your period and group members. • Freezer Bag: using a sharpie label your bags as follows with your period and all lab group member. • Choose a pig and give it a name. Choose both a male and female name for now. You will verify the gender later and circle that name on the bag then. • Use the pig to help answer some of the guiding questions. • Tie one piece of string on the upper extremities with each end on each forelimb and another string on the lower extremities (you will keep these strings tied on the rat at all times.

Closing Procedures at the End of Class • • • Place the pig in the labeled freezer bag. Make a TIGHT Seal with all the air evacuated out. Clean your tray and instruments. Put all your instruments in you pouch or box. Place tray, instruments, and rat in your designated drawer. **You will store your Pan, Instruments, and Pigs in the available drawers located along the sides of the room. **Spray down the ENTIRE table top with windex and thoroughly clean it leaving no streaks. **FOLD your Lab coats & stack neatly in the back Return the dissection guides and computer back to the cart.

Unit 1 – External Features – Intro To Your Pig • Lab Partners’ names • Personal name of your pig • Take a close look at your pig, and give a boy’s and girl’s name, as you will determine the sex later. • Length of specimen ______ cm = ______ days * Measure from tip of nose to base of tail (See pg. 7) * Use piece of string and ruler Write this information on your Zip-Bag

Dissection of the Fetal Pig - Introductory Preparation GQ #1 1. How many units are there in the manual? Which units have over six pages? 2. Using the anatomical directional terms written on page 4, determine which terms refer to. . . a)towards the head, b) towards the back, c) towards the toes, d) towards the middle. 3. What is the genus and species name for the domestic pig? What 2 characteristics are seen in all mammals? 4. A mammal that has 2 or more types of teeth has _______ dentition. 5. Pigs are considered to be even-toed ungulates. What other animals have similar settings? 6. What is the typical life span for a fetal pig? How many lbs. could the domestic pig weigh? How many offspring can a pig have? 7. How have pigs been useful subjects for humans other than for consumption (eating)?

Homework 5/18 • Read Unit 2 “The Skeleton” in the Dissection Manual (pgs. 11 -16) and Do: -Guiding Question Set #3 -Quest. #1 -6 on Pg. 16 in the Dissection Manual

Unit 1 – External Features – Intro To Your Pig GQ #2 1. Name 3 important functions of the skin for your pig. 2. What are the two layers of the skin? 3. Name the four main sections of the pig. 4. Another name for the nostrils are _____. What function does the nasal cavity serve? 5. Does your pig have any teeth? Look inside and check. 6. The third eyelid is called a(n)_______. What purpose does it serve? *Try to find this structure, you may need to make a small incision starting from the inner corner of the eye. 7. Another name for the external ears is/are _____ and the openings is called the ______.

8. The trunk of your pig can be divided into the ______ and ______. 9. On the abdomen, what do you notice is present? What is the name for these structures? How many pairs are there? 10. What was the umbilical cord attached to? How far should you cut the umbilical from the abdomen? (Make the cut. ) How many blood vessels do you see? How many of these arteries? How many are veins? Does the blood from the fetus ever mix with the mother's? 11. Another name for the caudal opening of the digestive tract is _________. 12. Following the directions on page 12, determine if your pig is a male or a female and be sure the correct name you've chosen is written on you bag. Males have a sac structure called a ________ vs. females having _________.

External Features to ID (Unit 1) • • • Nares Eyes & Nicitating membrane Tongue Pinnae Thorax Trunk Umbilical cord Teats Urogenital opening Scrotum (male) or Genital papilla (female)-Pg. 9 Anus Measure length to estimate age of pig (use string and measure from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail) ****Use table on pg. 7 to estimate age.

External Features to ID (DAY 2) • Cut Umbilical cord approx. 2 cm from abdomen (pg. 8) – One Vein & Two Arteries should be see. • Nictitating membrane (3 rd eyelid) • Make initial cuts through the skin using a scalpel. (See pg. 19) • Separate skin off specimen and begin isolating the muscle on ONE side of the pig by removing the fascia layer. • ID muscles indicated in the figures on Pgs. 20 -22

Homework 6/6 (Wed. ) • Read Unit 10 - The Nervous System • Do Guiding Quest. Set #10 • Be sure to also do the guidebook Questions on Pg. 53

GQ #3 - Unit 2 – The Skeleton 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What does bone consist of? What makes bones hard? What is the function of the bone? Name three types of joints. Why can’t we use the fetal pig to study bones? What part makes up the axial skeleton? How many vertebral bones compose the cervical and thoracic areas. How do pigs differ with humans? 7. How many vertebral bones make up the lumbar and the sacral area in pigs? How do humans differ? 8. Name all the bones that make the cranium. 9. How many bones are facial? 10. How many ribs do pigs have? How do false ribs differ from floating ribs? 11. Name all the bones that make up the appendicular skeleton.

GQ #4 – Unit 3 – The Muscle 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. How many types of muscle tissue are there? Name them. Which types are voluntary and which ones are involuntary? What muscles have striations? Do muscles push or pull parts of the body? When starting your dissection, what do you need the string for? Your first incision needs to be SHALLOW and start at the ______ and continue up the _______. Your second cut is along the ____. The third cut is laterally across the _____ and along each____. What do you need to do at the wrist? How does your cut differ in male vs. female pig?

GQ #4 – Unit 3 – The Muscle 10. The following are responsible for what kinds of movements? Abductors, extensors, and constrictors. 11. The 2 adductor muscles of the shoulder are the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor. Identify them on your pig and ID/name the opposing abductors. 12. The triangular shaped muscle in the shoulder is called the ____. 13. The flexors of the upper arm include the ____ and ____. 14. The extensor of the upper arm is the _____. 15. In the neck, what are the functions of the following muscles? Masseter, Brachiocephalicus, Splenius (Identify and locate these muscles in your pig. ) 16. Which muscles of the pig do we get bacon? 17. Which muscles do we get smoked ham from? (Fig. 14)

Shoulder Muscles

Muscles for Lateral Aspect

Muscles of the Throat & Chest

Thoracic Cavity-Arteries to Know

Muscle ID (Three lists) Image Set #2 I. Lateral View Neck, Shoulder, and Upper Arm (See pg. 20) Triceps Deltoids Trapezius Masseter Extensor carpi ulnaris Brachioradialis Extensor digitorum lateralis Extensor digitorum communis II. List of Muscles – Ventral View (Pg. 21) Sternohyoid Brachiocephalic Latissimus Dorsi Pectoralis Major Pectoralis minor Serratus ventralis III. List of Muscles – Lateral View (See Pg. 22) Biceps Femoris Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius (medialis) External Oblique Semitendinosis

Exploration of the Neck Image Set #3 • • Sternohyoid Muscle Larynx Thyroid gland Thymus gland Trachea Jugular vein Carotid artery

Unit 5: Respiratory System (Guidebook: Pgs. 27 -29) (Textbook See Ch. 19)

GQ #5 - Unit 5 – Respiratory System 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. How many lobes are labeled in Fig. 16 (p. 27)? Name these lobes. How does the trachea differ from the larynx? What function does cilia and the rings of the cartilage serve? List the following structures in order from the largest to the smallest: bronchioles, lungs, alveoli, bronchi, secondary bronchi How many lobes are there for the right lung? Left lung? Why do you think there is a difference? Locate/identify the pulmonary arteries & pulmonary veins. What color is each vessel? What two cavities are separated by the diaphragm? When the diaphragm contracts, is it moving up or down? Does this cause an inhaling or an exhaling reaction?

• The human respiratory system Nasal cavity Pharynx (Esophagus) Left lung Larynx Trachea Right lung Bronchus Bronchiole Diaphragm (Heart) Figure 22. 6 A

Thoracic Cavity-Arteries to Know

• The bronchioles end in clusters of tiny sacs called alveoli – Alveoli form the respiratory surface of the lungs – Oxygen diffuses through the thin Oxygen-rich blood walls of the alveoli into Bronchiole the blood Figure 22. 6 C Oxygen-poor blood Alveoli Figure 22. 6 B Blood capillaries

Breathing • • Positive pressure breathing: pushes air into lungs (frog) Negative pressure breathing: pulls air into lungs (mammals) Inhalation: diaphragm contraction; Exhalation: diaphragm relaxation Tidal volume: amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath (500 ml) • Vital capacity: maximum tidal volume during forced breathing Regulation: CO 2 concentration in blood (medulla oblongata)

• Smoking causes lung cancer and contributes to heart disease • Smoking also causes emphysema – Cigarette smoke makes alveoli brittle, causing them to rupture – This reduces the lungs’ capacity for gas exchange Figure 22. 7 A, B

The Thoracic Cavity

• During exercise, the CO 2 level in the blood rises, lowering the blood p. H – This triggers a cascade of events Brain Cerebrospinal fluid BREATHING CONTROL CENTERS—stimulated by: Pons Medulla CO 2 increase / p. H decrease in blood Nerve signal indicating low O 2 level Nerve signals trigger contraction of muscles O 2 sensor in artery Diaphragm Figure 22. 9 Rib muscles

• Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells – It carries most of the oxygen in the blood Heme group Iron atom O 2 loaded in lungs O 2 unloaded in tissues O 2 Polypeptide chain Figure 22. 10 B

Unit 6: Digestive System (Guidebook: Pgs. 31 -36) (Textbook See Ch. 17)

GQ #6 - Unit 6 – Digestive System 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Name the five structures you need to identify in the pig’s mouth. (Fig. 18) Make a cut on each side of the jaw to the mouth to open wider. See pg. 31 What function does saliva serve? Is the soft palate toward the front or the back of the mouth? What purpose does the epiglottis serve? How many lobes is the liver divided into? Name each lobe. The veins of the liver are called the _______ system. What substance is stored in the gall bladder? Where is this substance made? What purpose does it serve? Name the tubular structure that emerges from the gallbladder that serves to allow bile to travel to the small intestine. Name the 3 functions of the liver. What are the 2 substances (digestive juices) released in the stomach? Name the circular muscle that prevents food from passing back up the esophagus. What is the name of the green substance found inside your pig’s stomach? What function does the pyloric sphincter serve? What function does the pancreas and the spleen serve? Are they both part of the digestive system? Why is the pancreas considered to be a “dual function” organ?

GQ #6 - Unit 6 – Digestive System 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. How long can the intestine be in your fetal pig? Name the divisions of the small intestine. Which one of the 3 segments is the shortest? Which is the longest? “Material is prevented from passing prematurely into the large intestine (from the small intestine) by a sphincter known as the ____________ valve. What does the surface of the small intestine look like inside? What causes this appearance? Name three parts/regions of the large intestine. (not including the rectum and the anus, as mentioned in the dissection guide) What purpose do the variety of bacteria play in the large intestine? (pg. 36)

Lg. Intestine Cecum Ascending C. Mouth Tongue Salivary glands Oral cavity Transverse C. Pharynx Descending C. Sigmoid C. Esophagus Liver Stomach Pyloric sphincter Gallbladder Pancreas Sm. Intestine Large intestine Duodenum Jejunum ileum Small intestine Rectum Anus Stomach Small intestine

Bile Liver Stomach Gallbladder Bile Duodenum of small intestine Acid chyme Pancreas Figure 21. 10 A

Blood vessel with blood en route to the liver INTERIOR OF INTESTINE Nutrient absorption Microvilli Epithelial cells Muscle layers Circular folds Villi Lumen Blood capillaries Lymph vessel EPITHELIAL CELLS Nutrient absorption INTESTINAL WALL VILLI Figure 21. 10 B

Unit 7: Circulatory System (Guidebook: Pgs. 37 -43) (Textbook See Ch. 15)

Guiding Questions #7 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Which side of the heart pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit? Do these vessels carry oxygen rich or oxygen poor blood? What is the name of the membrane that surrounds & covers the heart? Blood that has been fully oxygenated leaves the heart through ______ and transported to the rest of the body. Which side of the heart is the tricuspid atrioventricular valve (AV) located? How is this valve different from the mitral valve? Arteries and veins that enter and leave the a) kidneys b) liver are called _____ arteries and _____ veins. Venous blood enters the heart through the _____. Name the arteries that supply the brain. Where are the iliac and femoral vessels located? Trace the circulation pathway throughout the body starting at the right atrium. When is the blood oxygenated & deoxygenated?

Circulation through the Heart 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Superior & Inferior (Anterior & Posterior Vena Cava) Right Atrium Tricuspid Atrioventricular (AV) Valve Right Ventricle Pulmonary Semilunar Valve Pulmonary Arteries Lungs Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Bicuspid (Mitral) AV Valve Left Ventricle Aortic Semilunar Valve Aortic Arch – Systemic Circuit

Internal Structure of the Heart

Posterior view of the Heart

Valves within the Heart

Veins to know in the throat & Thoracic Cavity

Unit 8: Urinary System (Guidebook: Pgs. 45 -46) (Textbook See Ch. 20)

Guiding Questions #8 – Urinary System 1. What is the function of the kidneys? What are the functional units found within the kidneys? 2. Remove the left kidney. Cut longitudinally. Identify the three regions and name them. (see Fig. 32 on p. 45) 3. Locate & identify the tubular structures that a) emerges out of the kidneys b) emerges from the bladder. 4. Name the glands located on the anterior surface of the kidney. What does this gland release? Locate & identify: Cortex, Medulla, Renal pelvis, Renal arteries & veins, Ureter, Renal pyramid (attempt to view), Bladder, Pubis

Vascular System-Abdominal Cavity (Pgs 41 & 42)

Unit 9: Reproductive System (Guidebook: Pg. 47) (Textbook See Ch. 22)

Guiding Quest. #9 – Reproductive System 1. How many ova can a pig release during ovulation? 2. Where are the ovaries located? 3. Name the structure that transports the egg from the ovary to the uterus. 4. During pregnancy, what structure is sealed? What purpose does this serve? 5. What do the testes produce? 6. What purpose does the scrotum serve? 7. Where are the bulbourethral glands located? Name the two other glands that are found in the male reproductive system. 8. Where are sperm cells stored after being produced in the testes?

Female Reproductive Structures

Three Key Accessory Glands These glands add secretions to the semen that will package the sperm cells Seminal Vesicle: -contributes 60% of the total fluid volume when semen is produced -the fluid is thick, yellowish alkaline Prostate Gland: -largest gland that produces a milky secretion directly into the urethra -Anticoagulant enzymes & Citrate are a part of this secretion Bulbourethral: Produces a clear mucus secretion that neutralizes any acidic urine left in the urethra during ejaculation

Unit 10: The Nervous System (Guidebook: Pg. 49 -53) (Textbook See Ch. 11)

Guide Ques. #10 – Nervous System 1. 2. How is the central nervous system different from peripheral? What purpose does the meninges serve? Name three layers of tissue that make up the meninges. (use your text if necessary) 3. How are gyri different from sulci? 4. Name the structure that separates the two hemispheres of the brain. 5. Where do I have to look to see the cerebral cortex? 6. How is the cerebellum different from the cerebrum? 7. Which structure is more inferior, the medulla oblongata or the pons? 8. If we dissected and removed the brain how would it be cut? What structure will you be able to see easily once you have made this cross section? What function does this structure serve? See pg. 51) 9. How many total cranial nerves come out of the brain? 10. How is gray matter different from white matter? Which one is observed in the cerebral cortex?

Sagittal Cross Section of the Brain

Close up of the Corpus Callosum C. C. C. P. Thal P. G. 4 th Ventircle

Sagittal Section of the Head

Close up of the Corpus Callosum C. C. C. P. Thal P. G. 4 th Ventircle

All Images Sets for your Dissection

• • • External Features to ID (Unit 1) Image Set #1 Nares Eyes & Nicitating membrane Tongue Pinnae Thorax Trunk Umbilical cord Teats Urogenital opening Scrotum (male) or Genital papilla (female)-Pg. 9 Anus Measure length to estimate age of pig (use string and measure from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail) ****Use table on pg. 7 to estimate age.

Muscle ID (Three lists) Image Set #2 I. Lateral View Neck, Shoulder, and Upper Arm (See pg. 20) Triceps Deltoids Trapezius Masseter Extensor carpi ulnaris Brachioradialis Extensor digitorum lateralis Extensor digitorum communis II. List of Muscles – Ventral View (Pg. 21) Sternohyoid Brachiocephalic Latissimus Dorsi Pectoralis Major Pectoralis minor Serratus ventralis III. List of Muscles – Lateral View (See Pg. 22) Biceps Femoris Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius (medialis) External Oblique Semitendinosis

Exploration of the Neck Image Set #3 • • Sternohyoid Muscle Larynx Thyroid gland Thymus gland Trachea Jugular vein Carotid artery

Exploration of the Thoracic Cavity Image Set #4 • • • Lungs (7 lobes)-Label Left & Right Side Diaphragm Heart Pericardium Apex Coronary artery & vein Aortic arch Atrium Ventricles Pulmonary vessels (arteries & veins) Septum

Image Set #5 - Structures of the Digestive System • • • • Hard palate Soft palate Epiglottis Esophagus Liver (be able to name the 4 lobes) Stomach (be able to identify cardiac region & pyloric region) Spleen Gall Bladder Mesenteric Arteries Pancreas Small intestine (Duodenum, Jejunum, & Ileum) Large intestine segments (A, T, D, Sigmoid) Cecum/Spiral colon (Fig. 22 on p. 35) *Isolate the small & Large intestines *Measure the length of the digestive tract (Stomach to the anus)

Image Set #6 Further Exploration of Circulatory System • Locate & Identify the following Vessels: – – – – Carotid Arteries, Jugular Veins (already done in image se #3) Subclavian artery (branches off the aortic arch) Brachial artery (upper extremities) Abdominal Aorta & Vena Cava (inferior) Iliac artery Femoral artery (lower Extremities) Mesenteric Arteries & Veins Portal Vein **Know where these blood vessels can be found: -Gastric -Tibial -Hepatic -Radial -Pulmonary -Caudal

Urinary & Reproductive Systems (Image Set #7) • Kidney (cross section of left kidney) – Renal cortex (outer layer) – Renal medulla & – Renal pelvis (inner layer) • • Adrenal gland Ureter Urinary Bladder Renal artery & renal vein • Female (uterine horns, oviduct & ovary) • Male (vas deferens & testes) ***Review the diagrams for the brain (pgs. 50 & 51)

All Guiding Questions #1 -10

Dissection of the Fetal Pig - Introductory Preparation GQ #1 1. How many units are there in the manual? Which units have over six pages? 2. Using the anatomical directional terms written on page 4, determine which terms refer to. . . a)towards the head, b) towards the back, c) towards the toes, d) towards the middle. 3. What is the genus and species name for the domestic pig? What 2 characteristics are seen in all mammals? 4. A mammal that has 2 or more types of teeth has _______ dentition. 5. Pigs are considered to be even-toed ungulates. What other animals have similar settings? 6. What is the typical life span for a fetal pig? How many lbs. could the domestic pig weigh? How many offspring can a pig have? 7. How have pigs been useful subjects for humans other than for consumption (eating)?

Unit 1 – External Features – Intro To Your Pig GQ #2 1. Name 3 important functions of the skin for your pig. 2. What are the two layers of the skin? 3. Name the four main sections of the pig. 4. Another name for the nostrils are _____. What function does the nasal cavity serve? 5. Does your pig have any teeth? Look inside and check. 6. The third eyelid is called a(n)_______. What purpose does it serve? *Try to find this structure, you may need to make a small incision starting from the inner corner of the eye. 7. Another name for the external ears is/are _____ and the openings is called the ______.

8. The trunk of your pig can be divided into the ______ and ______. 9. On the abdomen, what do you notice is present? What is the name for these structures? How many pairs are there? 10. What was the umbilical cord attached to? How far should you cut the umbilical from the abdomen? (Make the cut. ) How many blood vessels do you see? How many of these arteries? How many are veins? Does the blood from the fetus ever mix with the mother's? 11. Another name for the caudal opening of the digestive tract is _________. 12. Following the directions on page 12, determine if your pig is a male or a female and be sure the correct name you've chosen is written on you bag. Males have a sac structure called a ________ vs. females having _________.

GQ #3 - Unit 2 – The Skeleton 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What does bone consist of? What makes bones hard? What is the function of the bone? Name three types of joints. Why can’t we use the fetal pig to study bones? What part makes up the axial skeleton? How many vertebral bones compose the cervical and thoracic areas. How do pigs differ with humans? 7. How many vertebral bones make up the lumbar and the sacral area in pigs? How do humans differ? 8. Name all the bones that make the cranium. 9. How many bones are facial? 10. How many ribs do pigs have? How do false ribs differ from floating ribs? 11. Name all the bones that make up the appendicular skeleton.

GQ #4 – Unit 3 – The Muscle 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. How many types of muscle tissue are there? Name them. Which types are voluntary and which ones are involuntary? What muscles have striations? Do muscles push or pull parts of the body? When starting your dissection, what do you need the string for? Your first incision needs to be SHALLOW and start at the ______ and continue up the _______. Your second cut is along the ____. The third cut is laterally across the _____ and along each____. What do you need to do at the wrist? How does your cut differ in male vs. female pig?

GQ #4 – Unit 3 – The Muscle 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. How many types of muscle tissue are there? Name them. Which types are voluntary and which ones are involuntary? What muscles have striations? Do muscles push or pull parts of the body? When starting your dissection, what do you need the string for? Your first incision needs to be SHALLOW and start at the ______ and continue up the _______. Your second cut is along the ____. The third cut is laterally across the _____ and along each____. What do you need to do at the wrist? How does your cut differ in male vs. female pig?

GQ #4 – Unit 3 – The Muscle 10. The following are responsible for what kinds of movements? Abductors, extensors, and constrictors. 11. The 2 adductor muscles of the shoulder are the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor. Identify them on your pig and ID/name the opposing abductors. 12. The triangular shaped muscle in the shoulder is called the ____. 13. The flexors of the upper arm include the ____ and ____. 14. The extensor of the upper arm is the _____. 15. In the neck, what are the functions of the following muscles? Masseter, Brachiocephalicus, Splenius (Identify and locate these muscles in your pig. ) 16. Which muscles of the pig do we get bacon? 17. Which muscles do we get smoked ham from? (Fig. 14)

GQ #5 - Unit 5 – Respiratory System 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. How many lobes are labeled in Fig. 16 (p. 27)? Name these lobes. How does the trachea differ from the larynx? What function does cilia and the rings of the cartilage serve? List the following structures in order from the largest to the smallest: bronchioles, lungs, alveoli, bronchi, secondary bronchi How many lobes are there for the right lung? Left lung? Why do you think there is a difference? Locate/identify the pulmonary arteries & pulmonary veins. What color is each vessel? What two cavities are separated by the diaphragm? When the diaphragm contracts, is it moving up or down? Does this cause an inhaling or an exhaling reaction?

GQ #6 - Unit 6 – Digestive System 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Name the five structures you need to identify in the pig’s mouth. (Fig. 18) Make a cut on each side of the jaw to the mouth to open wider. See pg. 31 What function does saliva serve? Is the soft palate toward the front or the back of the mouth? What purpose does the epiglottis serve? How many lobes is the liver divided into? Name each lobe. The veins of the liver are called the _______ system. What substance is stored in the gall bladder? Where is this substance made? What purpose does it serve? Name the tubular structure that emerges from the gallbladder that serves to allow bile to travel to the small intestine. Name the 3 functions of the liver. What are the 2 substances (digestive juices) released in the stomach? Name the circular muscle that prevents food from passing back up the esophagus. What is the name of the green substance found inside your pig’s stomach? What function does the pyloric sphincter serve? What function does the pancreas and the spleen serve? Are they both part of the digestive system? Why is the pancreas considered to be a “dual function” organ?

GQ #6 - Unit 6 – Digestive System 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. How long can the intestine be in your fetal pig? Name the divisions of the small intestine. Which one of the 3 segments is the shortest? Which is the longest? “Material is prevented from passing prematurely into the large intestine (from the small intestine) by a sphincter known as the ____________ valve. What does the surface of the small intestine look like inside? What causes this appearance? Name three parts/regions of the large intestine. (not including the rectum and the anus, as mentioned in the dissection guide) What purpose do the variety of bacteria play in the large intestine? (pg. 36)

Guiding Questions #8 – Urinary System 1. What is the function of the kidneys? What are the functional units found within the kidneys? 2. Remove the left kidney. Cut longitudinally. Identify the three regions and name them. (see Fig. 32 on p. 45) 3. Locate & identify the tubular structures that a) emerges out of the kidneys b) emerges from the bladder. 4. Name the glands located on the anterior surface of the kidney. What does this gland release? Locate & identify: Cortex, Medulla, Renal pelvis, Renal arteries & veins, Ureter, Renal pyramid (attempt to view), Bladder, Pubis

Guiding Quest. #9 – Reproductive System 1. How many ova can a pig release during ovulation? 2. Where are the ovaries located? 3. Name the structure that transports the egg from the ovary to the uterus. 4. During pregnancy, what structure is sealed? What purpose does this serve? 5. What do the testes produce? 6. What purpose does the scrotum serve? 7. Where are the bulbourethral glands located? Name the two other glands that are found in the male reproductive system. 8. Where are sperm cells stored after being produced in the testes?

Guide Ques. #10 – Nervous System 1. 2. How is the central nervous system different from peripheral? What purpose does the meninges serve? Name three layers of tissue that make up the meninges. (use your text if necessary) 3. How are gyri different from sulci? 4. Name the structure that separates the two hemispheres of the brain. 5. Where do I have to look to see the cerebral cortex? 6. How is the cerebellum different from the cerebrum? 7. Which structure is more inferior, the medulla oblongata or the pons? 8. If we dissected and removed the brain how would it be cut? What structure will you be able to see easily once you have made this cross section? What function does this structure serve? See pg. 51) 9. How many total cranial nerves come out of the brain? 10. How is gray matter different from white matter? Which one is observed in the cerebral cortex?