GRADE 8 CONNOTATION DENOTATION denotation ictionary definition literal

GRADE 8

CONNOTATION / DENOTATION

denotation ictionary definition literal meaning of the word connotation co associated or secondary nmeaning – (together ) exists together with the denotative mea

snake evil or danger connotative any of numerous limbless scaled reptiles with a long tapering body and with salivary glands often modified to produce venom through grooved or tubular fangs denotative a treacherous or worthless personconnotative

NARRATIVES

THE BEGINNNGS OF PHIL LIT ORAL TRADITION 1. RIDDLES 2. PITHY SAYINGS (SALAWIKAIN) 3. PARABLES 4. SONGS 5. STORIES WRITTEN WORD 1. MYTHS 2. LEGENDS 3. SHORT STORIES 4. NOVELS 5. PLAYS

FICTION refers to stories which are not true or are make-believe. It may have facts and may sound true, but it isn’t true or real. NON-FICTION refers to stories that are real and true. These are based on facts and are informative.

TONE in literature is the speaker's or narrator's attitude towards the subject, rather than what the reader feels (mood). MOOD is the general feeling or atmosphere that a piece of writing creates within the reader. Mood is produced most effectively through the use of setting, theme, voice and tone.

AUTHOR’S PURPOSE Authors write for many reasons: vto entertain vto convince or persuade vto inform or teach When we read, it is important for us to understand why the piece was written.

SHORT STORY vs. NOVEL • Short stories tend to focus on one main character, novels can focus on a multitude of characters, and relationships. • Short stories are written to create a short but powerful impact, whereas the impact of a novel is drawn out for as long as possible, creating a deeper relationship with the reader. • Short stories give a glimpse of an event, or period of time, while novels cover the entire event. • Short stories are brief and focussed, novels stop to smell the roses along the way. (Source: en. Wikipedia. org)

THE PLOT • a literary term defined as the events that make up a story • events in a particular sequence through cause and effect, how the reader views the story, or simply by coincidence • the interest is in how well this pattern of events accomplishes some artistic or emotional effect • may include multiple inferences An intricate, complicated plot is called an imbroglio. (Source: en. Wikipedia. org)

PARTS OF THE PLOT Exposition / Inciting incident – the introduction of the main character/s, setting, and the problem faced Rising action – the “complication” part of the story where the main character attempts to solve his/her problem Climax – the main character solves the problem Falling action – shows the effects of the climax on the main character Denouement [dey-noo-mah. N] – the conclusion of the story where the loose ends are tied up

FREYTAG’S PYRAMID

POETRY

FILIPINO ETHNIC POEMS TANAGA • consisting of four lines with seven syllables each with the same rhyme at the end of each line --- that is to say a 7 -7 -77 Syllabic verse, with an AABB rhyme scheme Traditional poetry of the Hanunuo Mangyans of Oriental Mindoro usually written on bamboo in the Surat Mangyan, a centuries-old pre-Spanish script

ELEMENTS OF POETRY FORM VISUAL ARRANGEMENT OF VERSES METER MEASURE OF A VERSE IN IAMBS (A STRESSED + AN UNSTRESSED SOUND) SOUND REFERS TO THE RHYME SCHEME (INTERNAL, END, ETC. ) IMAGERY SYMBOLISMS EXPRESSED THROUGH FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE PERSONA THE SPEAKER IN A POEM THEME THE CENTRAL THOUGHT OF THE POEM

FIGURES OF SPEECH SIMILE COMPARISON USING THE WORDS AS OR LIKE METAPHOR IMPLIED OR INDIRECT COMPARISON HYPERBOLE EXAGGERATION PERSONIFICATION LENDING OF HUMAN QUALITIES TO INANIMATE OBJECTS APOSTROPHE SPEECH INTENDED FOR THE ABSENT OR DEAD ONOMATOPOEIA A SOUND DEVICE WHICH IMITATES THE ACTUAL SOUND PRODUCED BY THE ORIGIN ALLITERATION SAME INITIAL SOUNDS SYNECDOCHE TAKING A PART FOR A WHOLE OR VICE-VERSA EUPHEMISM SUGAR-COATING OF WORDS TO LESSEN THE BLOW OF THE INTENDED MEANING UNDERSTATEMENT AN INTENTIONAL DOWNPLAYING OF A SITUATION FOR A HUMOROUS EFFECT

CHARACTER TYPES PROTAGONIST VS. ANTAGONIST ROUND VS. FLAT DYNAMIC VS. STATIC STEREOTYPES

GRAMMAR

SENTENCE a grammatical unit consisting of one or more words that are grammatically linked. A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request, command or suggestion (en. wikipedia. org) A grammatically complete series of words consisting of a subject and predicate (en. wiktionary. org/wiki/sentence) a group of words that expresses a complete thought. Every sentence contains a subject and a predicate. (http: //sparkcharts. sparknotes. com/writing/englishgrammar/sect ion 1. php)

SUBJECT - the noun or noun phrase that tells whom or what the sentence addresses. It usually comes before the predicate. Ex: Roger decided to save more money. / Almost all cats dislike water. Full or complete subject - the subject and all the words that modify it. Patrick Henry’s dream of freedom for all citizens compelled him to make his famous declaration. Simple subject - the main noun of the complete subject. Patrick Henry dreamt of freedom for all citizens which compelled him to make his famous declaration. Compound subject - a complete subject with multiple simple subjects. Miguel and the young boy became friends. Invisible subject - Some sentences that give commands might look as if they don't contain a subject. The subject, however, is YOU. (You) Come in, please.

PREDICATE - a verb or verb phrase telling what the subject does or is. Its main part is the verb. Full or complete predicate - the verb of the sentence and all the words that modify it. The old dog climbs slowly up the stairs. Simple predicate - the main verb is the full predicate that indicates the action or state of being of the simple subject. Angeline sneezed. Compound predicate: a complete predicate with multiple verbs. He thought of his daughter and missed her dearly.

IS THE SUBJECT ALWAYS BEFORE THE PREDICATE? NO! There are three situations where a subject appears AFTER the verb. 1. In most questions. Ex: Are you ready? / Did I forget to feed my cat again? 2. In many sentences beginning with HERE or THERE. Ex: Here comes the jury. There was an eviction notice on Janet’s gate. 3. In some sentences beginning with one or more prepositional phrases. Ex: Across the clearing and through the stream ran the frightened deer http: //www. noslangues-ourlanguages. gc. ca/bien-well/fra-eng/grammairegrammar/subjctpredct-eng. html

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT RULES 1. Singular subjects take singular verbs; plural subjects take plural verbs 2. Two singular subjects connected by OR or NOR, EITHER-OR / NEITHER-NOR require a singular verb. A singular subject + a plural subject connected by OR or NOR, EITHEROR / NEITHER NOR require a plural verb. 3. When EITHER and NEITHER are used as subjects, they always take singular verbs 4. When a subject is separated from the verb by intervening expressions such as ALONG WITH, AS WELL AS, BESIDES, OR NOT, ignore these expressions and use a verb agreeing with the subject 5. Indefinite pronouns such as ONE, OTHER, EACH, SOMETHING, EVERYTHING, EVERYONE, EVERYBODY, ANYTHING, ANYONE, ANYBODY, SOMEONE, SOMEBODY, NO ONE, NOBODY, WHOEVER, WHATEVER, ENOUGH, LESS, LITTLE, and MUCH are singular and require singular verbs 6. Indefinite pronouns like BOTH, FEWER, MANY, OTHERS, and SEVERAL require plural verbs 7. With words that indicate portions (percent, fraction, part, majority, some, all, none, remainder, etc. ) you need to look at your object of the preposition to determine whether to use a singular or plural verb. 8. THE NUMBER is singular, while A NUMBER is plural 9. Use a singular verb for sums of money or periods of time 10. Sometimes the pronoun WHO, THAT, or WHICH is the subject of a verb in the middle of the sentence. The verb is dependent on the nearest noun.

11. Collective nouns, such as team and staff, may be either singular or plural depending on their use. 12. Use a plural verb with objects joined by AND (provided these are two separate units/individuals). However, when the conjunction AND joins two words that refer to the same person, a singular verb is required. 13. A verb agrees with its subject even when the subject follows the verb. Thus, when a sentence or clause begins with THERE, HERE or with words such as WHO, WHOSE, WHAT or HOW, the verb must agree with the noun or pronoun that comes after it. 14. Mass nouns, such as rice, sand, and water, take singular verbs 15. Titles of books, songs, movies, etc. are singular and must, therefore take singular verbs. 16. There are some words that end in –s but are regarded singular. News, Physics and measles are some examples. 17. Words that always come in pairs (such as scissors, shorts, and binoculars) are considered plural and take plural verbs 18. The expression MANY A… followed by a noun, takes a singular verb 19. The structure THE + ADJECTIVE, such as the poor, the masses, the rich, and the moneyed, refer to groups of people and therefore take plural verbs (These expressions cannot be used with a possessive ‘s) 20. Gerunds always take singular verbs in spite of intervening words

STUDY HARD, PRAY UNCEASINGLY, THEN RELAX. GOOD LUCK TO ALL! Mrs. De Manuel, Mr. Macasaet, Mrs. Padua