Grab a sheet and have a seat Bell

Grab a sheet and have a seat!

Bell Ringer • • Complete the Venn diagram This is for a grade. No notes. Guard your paper (remember my rule)

Today’s agenda • • • Standard Video 8 -2 powerpoint Pearson interactive activity Cell analogy project

GPS • SB 1. Students will analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells. – A. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction

? ? Essential Question(s)? ? • What are the structures and functions of a typical eukaryotic cell? • Which structures are found in both plant and animal cells and which are not?

Eukaryotic cells have specialized structures that perform specific tasks, much like a factory! • Specialized structures called organelles

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7. 3 Structures and Organelles Plant and Animal Cell Structures Animal Cell Plant Cellular Pursuit

Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Plasma Membrane § Thin, flexible boundary between the cell and its environment § Allows nutrients into the cell § Allows waste to leave the cell

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Plasma Membrane

Cytoplasm • Semifluid material inside the cell • The “matrix” • In prokaryotes, processes take place in cytoplasm • In eukaryotes, most processes take place in organelles located in the cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton • Support network of long, thin protein fibers – Microtubules – Microfilaments • Framework • Anchors organelles • Functions in cell movement

7 -2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Cytoskeleton Eukaryotic cells are given their shape and internal organization by the cytoskeleton. Slide 16 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

7 -2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. The cytoskeleton is also involved in movement. The cytoskeleton is made up of: • microfilaments • microtubules Slide 17 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

7 -2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Cytoskeleton Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Microtubule Microfilament Ribosomes Mitochondrion Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 18 of 49 End Show

7 -2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Cytoskeleton Microfilaments: • are threadlike structures made up of the protein actin. • form extensive networks in some cells. • produce a tough, flexible framework that supports the cell. • help some cells move. Slide 19 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

7 -2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Cytoskeleton Microtubules are hollow structures made up of proteins known as tubulins. Microtubules: • maintain cell shape. • are important in cell division. • build projections from the cell surface—cilia and flagella—that enable some cells to swim rapidly through liquids. Slide 20 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

Nucleus • Central membranebound organelle – Nuclear envelope • Manages cellular functions • Contains DNA • Nucleolus located here – Site of ribosome production

7 -2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Nucleus The nucleus is the control center of the cell. The nucleus contains nearly all the cell's DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules. Slide 24 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

7 -2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Nucleus The Nucleus Chromatin Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Nuclear pores Slide 25 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

7 -2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Nucleus The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope composed of two membranes. The envelope is dotted with nuclear pores, which allow material to move in Nuclear and out of the nucleus. envelope Nuclear pores Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 26 of 49 End Show

7 -2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Nucleus The granular material in the nucleus is called chromatin. Chromatin consists of DNA bound to protein. Chromatin Slide 27 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

7 -2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Nucleus When a cell divides, chromatin condenses to form chromosomes. Chromosomes contain the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next. Slide 28 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

7 -2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Nucleus Most nuclei also contain a nucleolus. The nucleolus is where the assembly of ribosomes begins. Nucleolus Slide 29 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

Ribosomes • Made of RNA and protein • Site of protein synthesis • Some float freely in cytoplasm • Some attached to endoplasmic reticulum

7 -2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Ribosomes One of the most important jobs carried out in the cell is making proteins. Proteins are assembled on ribosomes. Ribosomes are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm. Slide 31 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

7 -2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Ribosomes produce proteins by following coded instructions that come from the nucleus. Cells that are active in protein synthesis are often packed with ribosomes. Slide 32 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

Endoplasmic reticulum • A. K. A “ER” • Folded membrane system • Site of protein and lipid synthesis • Smooth ER—no ribosomes attached • Rough ER—has ribosomes attached • Typically located near nucleus on illustrations

7 -2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Endoplasmic Reticulum Eukaryotic cells contain an internal membrane system called the endoplasmic reticulum, or ER. The endoplasmic reticulum is where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell. Slide 34 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

7 -2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Slide 35 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

7 -2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Endoplasmic Reticulum There are two types of ER—rough and smooth. The portion of the ER involved in protein synthesis is called rough endoplasmic reticulum, or rough ER. Ribosomes are found on the surface of rough ER. Rough ER is abundant in cells that produce large amounts of protein for export. Slide 36 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

7 -2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth ER does not have ribosomes on its surface. Smooth ER contains collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks, such as synthesis of membrane lipids and detoxification of drugs. Slide 37 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

Golgi Apparatus • Flattened stack of membranes • Modifies, sorts, packages proteins from ER into vesicles • Vesicles are then sent outside of the cell

7 -2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Golgi Apparatus The Golgi apparatus appears as a stack of closely apposed membranes. Slide 40 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

7 -2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Golgi Apparatus The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell. From the Golgi apparatus, proteins are then “shipped” to their final destinations throughout the cell or outside of the cell. Slide 41 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

Vacuoles • Membrane bound vesicle “Storage sac” • Stores materials – Food, enzymes, • Stores waste • Not present or very small in animal cells • Large central vacuole in plants

7 -2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Vacuoles In many plant cells there is a single, large central vacuole filled with liquid. The pressure of the central vacuole allows plants to support heavy structures such as leaves and flowers. Vacuole Slide 43 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

7 -2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Vacuoles are also found in some unicellular organisms and in some animals. Vacuoles Contractile vacuole The paramecium contains a contractile vacuole that pumps excess water out of the cell. Slide 44 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

• “clean up crew” • Vesicles that digest excess or worn out organelles or food particles • Animal cells only Lysosomes

Centrioles • Made from microtubules • Function during cell division • Located in cytoplasm • Near nucleus • Animal cells only

Mitochondria “mighty” • Converts fuel into energy that is available to the rest of the cell • “powerhouse”

7 -2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Mitochondria Nearly all eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria. Mitochondria convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. Mitochondrion Slide 50 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

Cilia and Flagella aid in locomotion and feeding Cilia-short projections, hair like, animal cells Flagella—longer, less numerous Animal cells

Chloroplasts • Found only in plant cells • Capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy the cell can use through a process called photosynthesis • chlorophyll

Cell Wall Only in plants Thick, rigid structure Surrounds cell Outside of plasma membrane • Support and protection • •

Animal Cell

Plant Cell