GRAB A BOOK AND START READING CHAPTER 29

GRAB A BOOK AND START READING CHAPTER 29. 1 Test over Chapter 16/29. 1 is on FRIDAY.

QUESTION 1 • B. BEHAVIOR • A. RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS • B. BEHAVIOR INFLUENCED BY GENES MAY INCREASE AN ORGANISMS FITNESS, AND SPREAD THROUGH POPULATION. • ADAPTIVE BEHAVIORS WILL BE IMPORTANT TO THE SURVIVAL OF THE POPULATION.

QUESTION 2 • A. INNATE BEHAVIORS ARE INHERITED, NOT LEARNED, SO NEWBORN ANIMALS ARE ABLE TO PERFORM TASKS ESSENTIAL TO SURVIVAL WITHOUT EXPERIENCE. • B. IF A NEWBORN KITTEN DID NOT HAVE ITS SUCKLING INSTINCT, ITS MOTHER MAY NOT RECOGNIZE THAT IT IS HUNGRY, POTENTIALLY CAUSING THE KITTEN TO STARVE.

QUESTION 3 • A. FOUR TYPES OF LEARNING: HABITUATION, CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, OPERANT CONDITIONING, AND INSIGHT LEARNING • B. HUMANS LEARN THROUGH CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IN MANY WAYS. ONE EXAMPLE IS SEEING A NEEDLE AT THE DOCTOR AND CRYING.

QUESTION 4 • A. THE ASPECT OF IMPRINTING THAT IS INNATE IS THE INITIAL URGE TO BEHAVE IN A CERTAIN WAY. THE ASPECT OF IMPRINTING THAT IS LEARNED IS HOW TO FULFILL THAT URGE IN A BENEFICIAL WAY. • B. ISOLATING A NEWBORN FROM MEMBERS OF ITS OWN SPECIES MAY CAUSE IT TO CARRY OUT THE INNATE ASPECTS OF IMPRINTING, BUT NOT FOLLOW THROUGH WITH SOCIAL CUES AND LEARNED BEHAVIORS, POTENTIALLY AFFECTING ITS FITNESS.

WHAT IS BEHAVIOR? • BEHAVIOR = REACTION TO A STIMULUS • INFLUENCED BY BOTH GENES AND THE ENVIRONMENT • BLINKING, EATING, RUNNING, WALKING, FLYING, SLEEPING -ARE ALL EXAMPLES OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR.

ANIMALS BEHAVE IN CERTAIN WAYS FOR FOUR BASIC REASONS • TO FIND FOOD • TO INTERACT IN SOCIAL GROUPS • TO AVOID PREDATORS • TO REPRODUCE

STIMULUS • A BEHAVIOR COMES IN RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS. • A STIMULUS IS ANY CHANGE IN THE ENVIRONMENT THAT AFFECTS THE ACTIVITY OF AN ORGANISM OR WHAT CAUSES AN ANIMAL TO ACT IN A CERTAIN WAY.

EXAMPLES OF STIMULI MAY INCLUDE: • • • THE SIGHT OF FOOD THE SOUND OF A POTENTIAL PREDATOR THE SMELL OF A MATE DAILY EVENTS SUCH AS NIGHTFALL SEASONAL EVENTS SUCH AS DECREASING TEMPERATURES.

RELEASING STIMULUS • TRIGGERS THE ORGANISM’S NERVOUS SYSTEM TO DO A BEHAVIOR • IF BEHAVIOR THAT IS INFLUENCED BY GENES INCREASES AN INDIVIDUAL’S FITNESS, THEN THAT BEHAVIOR WILL SPREAD THROUGH A POPULATION

INNATE BEHAVIORS • INNATE BEHAVIORS = ARE NOT LEARNED, YOU ARE BORN WITH THEM. “INSTINCTS” • FULLY FUNCTIONAL THE FIRST TIME THEY ARE PERFORMED • NO EXPERIENCE NEEDED TO ACQUIRE BEHAVIOR • INHERITED: GENES DETERMINE BEHAVIOR

EXAMPLES OF INNATE BEHAVIORS 1. Fish 2. Chickens 3. Lovebirds 4. Mammals Ability to swim Pecking Nest Building Suckling to get milk

LEARNING/LEARNED BEHAVIORS • LEARNING = ACQUIRING CHANGES IN BEHAVIOR • LEARNED BEHAVIORS ARE • BEHAVIORS ANIMALS ARE NOT BORN WITH • ACQUIRED / MODIFIED BY EXPERIENCE • LEARNED FROM OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIENCE • OFTEN LEARNED FROM PARENTS

TYPES OF LEARNED BEHAVIOR 1. 2. 3. HABITUATION CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OPERANT CONDITIONING (TRIAL AND ERROR) 4. INSIGHT (REASONING)

HABITUATION • A DECREASE IN RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS AFTER REPEAT EXPOSURE • LESS SENSITIVE TO STIMULI • ELIMINATES RESPONSES THAT HAVE NO VALUE ON AN ANIMALS SURVIVAL OR WELFARE. • HELPS PREVENT WASTE OF ENERGY

EXAMPLE OF HABITUATION • PRAIRIE DOGS AND HUMANS • A BIRD AND A STUFFED CAT • SNAIL AND TAPPING

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING • LEARNED RESPONSE WHERE A STIMULUS COMES TO PRODUCE SET RESPONSE DUE TO ASSOCIATION WITH A POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE EXPERIENCE EX) PAVLOV’S DOGS

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IN SUMMARY

OPERANT CONDITIONING • BEHAVIOR THAT IS LEARNED THROUGH REPEATED PRACTICE TO RECEIVE REWARD OR AVOID PUNISHMENT • TRIAL AND ERROR LEARNING • USED TO TRAIN ANIMALS • EX) “SKINNER BOX”

TRAINING RATS IN A SKINNER BOX

CLASSICAL VS. OPERANT • IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, THE ANIMAL RECEIVES NO BENEFIT OR CONSEQUENCE

INSIGHT LEARNING • MORE COMPLEX LEARNING, WHERE ANIMAL APPLIES PRIOR EXPERIENCE(S) TO NEW SITUATION (PROBLEM SOLVING) • TYPE OF LEARNING OR PROBLEM SOLVING THAT HAPPENS ALL-OF-A-SUDDEN. EX) WHEN PLAYING A VIDEO GAME, INSIGHT IS NEEDED TO GET TO THE NEXT STEP AFTER AN OBSTACLE IS PLACED IN FRONT OF YOU.

IMPRINTING • PROCESS BY WHICH A SOCIAL ATTACHMENT TO A PARTICULAR OBJECT IS FORMED DURING A CRITICAL TIME PERIOD. • CRITICAL TIME PERIOD: PRIOR TO BIRTH TO SOMEWHERE AROUND 30 HR OLD § EARLY IN LIFE WHEN RECOGNITION IS CRITICAL • IRREVERSIBLE • BOTH INNATE AND LEARNED

BIG IDEA EVOLUTION HAS ACTED SO THAT GENES AND ENVIRONMENT ACT TO COMPLEMENT EACH OTHER IN YIELDING BEHAVIORAL SOLUTIONS TO THE SURVIVAL CHALLENGES FACED BY ANIMALS. • INNATE, OR INSTINCTIVE, RESPONSES ALLOW ANIMALS TO BENEFIT FROM GENERATIONS OF NATURAL SELECTION ON BEHAVIOR. • LEARNING GIVES ANIMALS TOOLS TO RESPOND TO LOCAL CONDITIONS AND CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS.