GPC 126 Physiological Psychology Basic Structures and Features
GPC 126 Physiological Psychology Basic Structures and Features of the Central Nervous System Dean Owen, Ph. D. , LPCC METU-NCC Spring 2021
Lecture 4 This presentation has been created to assist in the mastery of the material contained in Chapter 2 of the text Foundations of Physiological Psychology by Neil R. Carlson All of the material contained in the presentation is drawn from the text.
Plan for the day 1. Review of basic descriptive anatomical terms 2. Review the structures of the Central Nervous System (CNS) 3. Review of Basic Brain Regions and functions 4. Review of hemispheric dominance
Some housekeeping
Some housekeeping Remember to review presentation #4 and complete the associated questions and submit them NO Later than 12 April if you want credit. As always this assignment can be found on the class webpage vargapilot. weebly. com
Some housekeeping Assignment for 13 April: Come to class with a list of three (3) potential topics for your research presentation. These will be discussed in class next week.
Some housekeeping Topics Preview 13 April: Pharmacology (Drugs) 20 April: Research Methods in Neuroscience 27 April: Mid-Term Exam #1
But First…. some housekeeping Topics? ? Chemical addiction Alzheimer’s Disease Attention disorders Obesity Anxiety disorder Narcolepsy Sleeping disorders Epilepsy Parkinson’s Disease Bipolar disorder Cerebral Palsy Bell’s Palsy Diabetic Neuropathy Down’s Syndrome Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Disorders of hearing, sight, taste, smell or touch Restless leg syndrome Sleep Apnea Stroke Traumatic Brain Injury Shaken Baby Syndrome Mental Retardation Stroke Phantom Limb ADD-ADHD Agnosia Traumatic Brain injury Dementia(s) Autism Depressive disorder Eating disorders Multiple sclerosis Amnesia Carpal Tunnel Synd. Dyslexia Migraine Headache Huntington’s disease Spinal injury Tourette Syndrome Learning Disability Central pain Synd Diabetic Neuropathy New Medications
Questions…. . Comments…. . OK…. let’s begin There’s lots to cover today…hold on!
Review of some basic terms Central Nervous System
Review of some basic terms Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous system 1. Cranial Nerves 2. Spinal Nerves 3. Peripheral Ganglia
Review of some basic terms Anatomical Directional Terms Dorsal: Near the upper surface. . toward the back. Ventral: “Toward the belly”…The Front of the Body
Review of some basic terms Anatomical Directional Terms Anterior: In front of, front Posterior: After, behind, following, toward the rear
Review of some basic terms Anatomical Directional Terms Proximal: Near, closer to the origin Distal: Away from, farther from the origin
Review of some basic terms Anatomical Directional Terms Superior: Above, over Inferior: Below, under
Review of some basic terms Anatomical Directional Terms Lateral: Toward the side, away from the mid-line Medial: Toward the mid-line, middle, away from the side
Review of some basic terms Anatomical Directional Terms Rostral: Toward the front Caudal: Toward the back, toward the tail
Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerves I. Olfactory nerve Smell VII. Facial Nerve II. Optic nerve vision VIII. Vestibulocochlear Hearing and Balance III. Oculomotor nerve Eye movement/pupils IX. Glassopharyngeal IV. Trochlear Eye Movement X. Vagus Nerve V. Trigeminal Nerve XI. Spinal Accessory Somatosensory. . head and neck/muscles for chewing VI. Abducens nerve Eye movement Taste, somatosensory info ear and facial expressions Sensation of tongue and muscles used in swallowing Autonomic functions glands, digestion and heart. Muscles controlling head movement XII. Hypoglossal Nerve Muscles of the tongue On Old Olympus’ Towering Top A Famous Vocal German Viewed Some Hops.
Spinal Cord Divisions of the spinal cord The are five divisions of the spinal cord, corresponding to the different groups of vertebrae: Cervical: 7 vertebrae (C 1 -C 7) Thoracic: 12 vertebrae (T 1 -T 12) Lumbar: 5 vertebrae (L 1 -L 5) Sacral: 5 (fused) vertebrae (S 1 -S 5) Coccygeal: 3 -5 (fused) vertebrae (Tailbone) Note that although there are seven cervical vertebrae (C 1 -C 7), there are eight cervical nerves (C 1 -C 8). In the diagram to the right, the cervical nerves are the ones labeled and the vertebra are shown in between. Source: http: //www. daviddarling. info/encyclopedia/S/spinal_cord. html
Spinal Cord Double layered Tube Outer layer: White matter Inner layer: Gray matter Meninges: Protective membranes Pia mater Arachnoid Dura mater Source: http: //www. daviddarling. info/encyclopedia/S/spinal_cord. html
Spinal Nerves
Brain Development Movie time https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=2 NCah. To. Uzk. A When you have a bit more time…. PLEASE WATCH https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Fugrc. Vhi 2 tg&list=PLAEF 5 C DBE 8307 DE 80
The Brain Weight: 1. 5 kg Volume: Female 1130 cm 3 Male 1260 cm 3 Composition: Neurons, Glial Cells, & blood vessels Consumes 20% of your daily energy
The Brain https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=9 Uukcd. U 258 A https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=k. MKc 8 nf. PATI A song for you…. . la la laaaaa https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=v. Yw. Ot. TMUz 0 c
4 Main parts of the Brain • The brain stem • Cerebellum • Limbic System • Cerebrum
The brain stem
The brain stem Medulla oblongata: Heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure Pons: Connects Cerebellum to the rest of the CNS and controls head movement in response to sight and sound Midbrain: (mesenencephalon) Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the rest of the CNS and is the reflex-center for vision, sound and touch
Cerebellum Responsible for muscle coordination Muscle tone Balance (ear and body position)
Cerebellum Smooth, coordinated and precise movement Essential in motor learning …. . building muscle memory.
The Limbic System The limbic system, often referred to as the "emotional brain", is found buried within the cerebrum. Like the cerebellum, evolutionarily the structure is rather old.
The Limbic System Components of the Limbic system 1. 2. 3. 4. Thalamus Hypothalamus Amygdala Hippocampus. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=GDl. Dirz. OSI 8
The Limbic System 1. Thalamus A midline symmetrical structure of two halves, within the vertebrate brain, situated between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain. Some of its functions are the relaying of sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex,
The Limbic System 2. Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is a section of the brain responsible for hormone production. These hormones control body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep, circadian rhythm, moods, sex drive, and the release of other hormones in the body. This area of the brain controls the pituitary gland other glands in the body. Regulates ANS Fight/Flight Rest/Digest Homeostasis
The Limbic System 2. Hypothalamus
The Limbic System 3. Amygdala The amygdala is involved in several functions of the body including: Arousal Autonomic Responses Associated with Fear Emotional Responses Hormonal Secretions Memory
The Limbic System 4. Hippocampus- the portion of the cerebral hemispheres in basal medial part of the temporal lobe. This part of the brain is important for learning and memory. . . for converting short term memory to more permanent memory, and for recalling spatial relationships in the world about us
Areas of the brain • The brain is composed of Cerebral Hemispheres,
Areas of the brain • These two hemispheres are connected by the a mass of connective tissue called the Corpus Callosum
5 Main parts of the Brain Cerebrum 4 lobes Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Largest part of brain
cerebrum/cerebral hemispheres • Different parts of the brain can be stimulated electrically to see which muscles in the body respond • Conversely different parts of the body can be stimulated to see which parts of the brain show electrical activity. • More recently MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) has been used in brain study
Areas of the cerebrum
Areas of the cerebrum
The areas can be split into 3 groups Sensory Areas Motor Areas Association Areas
Association Motor Sensory area for impulses from eyes
cerebrum/cerebral hemispheres • Sensory areas of the cerebral hemispheres receive impulses from sense organs and transmit them to the association areas • The association areas of the cerebral hemispheres receive impulses interpret them in the light of similar past experiences and transmit impulses to motor areas….
cerebrum/cerebral hemispheres Close your eyes…. what’s this……? ?
cerebrum/cerebral hemispheres • The motor areas transmit impulses to the effectors • The size of the sensory and motor areas is related to the number of receptors in that area • The left and right cerebral hemispheres control the opposite sides of the body
Sensory Homunculus
Mapping of the sensory & motor areas to the body
Sensory & Motor Maps • The maps show that regions of the body with many sensory (or motor) neurones have corresponding large areas of the cerebrum linked to them. • So for example the lips occupy a larger region of the sensory cortex than the shoulder, because there are more sensory neurones in the lips.
Association Areas • Are used to compare sensory input with previous experiences, and make decisions • These areas are involved in speech, understanding and memory retrieval • The frontal lobes are large in humans and it is thought that they responsible for higher functions like abstract thought, personality & emotion.
Broca’s Area Dr. Paul Broca 1824 -1880 French physician, surgeon, anatomist, and anthropologist.
Speech Production • The left side of the brain • Patients with speech problems gave 1 st clues about how the brain controls language • 1981 Dr Paul Broca described a patient who could only say the word “tan”. • When the patient died Broca examined the brain and found damage to the left cerebral hemisphere • This part of the brain is now know as Broca’s area • Expressive aphasia
Broca’s Area The area of the human brain associated with speech production and named for Pierre Paul Broca’s area
Wernicke’s Area Dr. Carl (Karl) Wernicke German physician, anatomist, psychiatrist and neuropathologist. 1848 -1905
Wernicke’s Area • In 1867 Karl Wernicke noticed damage to another region of the cortex. • Werniche’s area is connected to Broca’s area by a bundle of nerve fibres. • If this was damaged the patient can understand language but cannot repeat words. • So Werniche’s area is concerned with understanding language. Broca’s area is concerned with controlling the muscles that produce speech • Receptive aphasia
Wernicke’s Area Wernicke’s area Language Comprehension
Visual Processing • The visual sensory area is at the back of the brain & receives sensory input from the optic nerves • The 2 hemispheres see slightly different images from the opposite of the visual field, and differences can be used to judge distance
Optic Chiasma
Lateral Dominance The human brain is composed of two large hemispheres that are remarkably similar to each other in appearance The right cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information and directs movement in the left side of the body. The left cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information and directs movement in the right side of the body.
Lateral Dominance Why? ? Efficiency…probably. Locating a specific cognitive function in a compact area on one side of the brain frees neural space for other functions on the other, and reduces the frequency of transmission errors
Lateral Dominance Right handed? Left handed?
Lateral Dominance 90% of humans are R-handed 65% of Chimpanzees are R-handed 90% of Parrots use their left foot
Lateral Dominance Write your name Use scissors Look through a telescope Listen to a whisper or at a door Throw a ball Look through a hole Drink from a cup or eat with a fork Kick a ball
The ILP and Learning Styles Individual Learning Profile https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=u. OIWVo-4 -lc
Summary • Sensory areas – receive input from receptors • Motor areas – Origin of impulses which bring about voluntary movements • These receive/transmit impulses from the opposite side of the body • Association areas – interpret sensory information in the light of experience
A close shave
Head Trauma Malala Yousafzai
Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)/Stroke
Cerebral Vascular Accident http: //www. youtube. co m/watch? v=z. XBMLSeo m. MM (CVA)/Stroke Aphasia: disturbance in formulation and comprehension of language.
Cerebral Vascular Accident http: //www. youtube. com/ watch? v=5 e. Bwn 22 Bnio (CVA)/Stroke Ataxia: A neurological condition characterized by a gross lack of muscular coordination.
Trauma US Representative Gabriella Giffords Mark Kelly (astronaut)
Assignment for next week Bring three (3) possible Mini. Sem topics with you. Review presentation #4 and respond to all of the questions in homework #4. The form can be found on the class website: Vargapilot. weebly. com
Harika!!
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