Governance as structure Governance as hierarchies Governance as

何謂治理？ • • Governance as structure Governance as hierarchies Governance as markets Governance as networks Governance as communicate Governance as process Governance as steering and coordinating Governance as analytical and framework

地方治理的不同時代及其特徵 Key objectives of the governance system Elected local government in post-war setting Local Government under New Public Management Networked community governance Managing inputs, delivering services in the context of a national welfare state Managing inputs and outputs in a way that ensures economy and responsiveness to consumers The over arching global is greater effectiveness in tackling the problem that the public most care about

地方治理的不同時代及其特徵 Dominant ideologies Elected local government in post-war setting Local Government under New Public Management Networked community governance Professionalism and party partisanship Managerialism and consumerism localism

地方治理的不同時代及其特徵 Definition of public interest Elected local government in post-war setting Local Government under New Public Management Networked community governance By politicians / experts. Little in the way of public input Aggregation of individual preferences, demonstrated by consumer choice Individual and public preference produced through a complex process of interaction

地方治理的不同時代及其特徵 Elected local government in post-war setting Dominant Overhead model of democracy: accountability voting in elections, mandated party politicians, tasks achieved through control over the bureaucracy Local Government under New Public Management Networked community governance Separation of politics and management, politics to give direction but not hands on control, managers to manage, additional loop of consumer assessment built into the system Elected leaders, managers and key stakeholders involved in search for solutions to community problems and effective delivery mechanisms. System in turn subjective to challenge through elections, referendums, deliberative forums, scrutiny functions and shifts in public opinion

地方治理的不同時代及其特徵 Preferred system for service delivery Elected local government in post-war setting Local Government under New Public Management Networked community governance Hierarchical department or self-regulating profession Private sectors or tightly defined arm’s-length public agency Menu of alternatives selected pragmatically

地方治理的不同時代及其特徵 Approach to public service ethos Elected local government in post-war setting Local Government under New Public Management Networked community governance Public sector has monopoly on service ethos, and all public bodies have it Sceptical of public sector ethos(leads to inefficiency and empire building) －favours customers service No one sector has a monopoly on public service ethos. Maintaining relationships through shared values is seen as essential

地方治理的不同時代及其特徵 Elected local government in post-war setting Relationship with Partnership ‘higher’ tiers of relationship with government central government departments involved in delivery Local Networked Government community under New Public governance Management Upwards through performance contracts and delivery against key performance indicators Complex and multiple: regional, national, European. Negotiated and flexible

地方治理的核心功能 Community Safety Employment and skills Housing and regeneration Local elected councils Transport Environmental and planning Education and early years Health and well-being Leisure and arts

地方治理的核心功能 1. Community safety: • Police authorities • Fire authorities • Magistrate’s courts • Crime and disorder partnerships • Drug action teams • Basic police command units • Neighbourhood wardens

地方治理的核心功能 2. Housing and regeneration • Registered social landlords • Single regeneration budget • New deal for communities • Gas and electricity utilities

地方治理的核心功能 3. Transport • Passenger transport authorities • Highways authorities • Bus companies • Rail companies

地方治理的核心功能 4. Employment and skills • Learning and skills councils • Employment actions zones • Colleges of further educations • Universities

地方治理的核心功能 5. Environment and planning • Environmental protection agency • Regional planning bodies • Regional development agencies • Water companies

地方治理的核心功能 6. Education and early years • School governing bodies • Education actions zones • Learning partnerships • Early years development and child care partnerships

地方治理的核心功能 7. Health and well-being • Primary Care Trusts • Health Action Zones • Sure Start partnerships • Children’s Trusts • Strategic health authorities

地方治理的核心功能 8. Leisure and arts • Sports councils • Arts councils