GOVERMENTAL SOURCES OF U S FOREIGN POLICY BY
GOVERMENTAL SOURCES OF U. S FOREIGN POLICY BY MADU VICTOR. . I 46026 • *By law the Department of the State bears primary responsibility for the conduct of the US foreign affairs and for coordinating US activities overseas and the Secretary of the State is the president’s foremost foreign policy advisor. But since WWII it has lost its influence in the formulation of American foreign policies. Why? What is the role of State Department in making of US foreign policy vis-à-vis other relevant governmental actors? How important are they? •
Brief history of United States department of state The UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF STATE [DOS] commonly referred to, as the state department, is a federal executive department responsible for carrying out U. S foreign policy and international relations. Established in 1789 as the national executive department its duties include advising the president of the United States, administering the natron’s diplomatic missions negotiating treaties and agreements with foreign entities. The current headquarters is at HARRY TRUMAN BUILDING [CLOSE TO THE WHITE HOUSE]
• ROLES OF STATE DEPARTMENT IN THE FOREIGH POLICY MAKING • • Organizes and supervises the entire United States Department of State and the United States Foreign Service. • Advises the President on matters relating to U. S. foreign policy, including the appointment of diplomatic representatives to other nations, and on the acceptance or dismissal of representatives from other nations. • Participates in high-level negotiations with other countries, either bilaterally or as part of an international conference or organization, or appoints representatives to do so. This includes the negotiation of international treaties and other agreements. • Responsible for overall direction, coordination, and supervision of interdepartmental activities of the U. S. Government overseas. • Provides information and services to U. S. citizens living or traveling abroad. Also provides credentials in the form of passports and visas. • Supervises the United States immigration policy at home and abroad.
• THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH/EXECUTIVE OF THE PRESIDENT • • THE PRESIDENT>> Presidents have more power and responsibility in foreign and defense policy than in domestic affairs. They are the commanders in chief of the armed forces; they decide how and when to wage war. As America’ chief diplomat, the president has the power to make treaties [Article II, Section 2 of the United States Constitution] to be approved by the Senate. And as head of state, the president speaks for the nation to other world leaders and receives ambassadors • • NATIONAL ECONOMIC COUNCIL>>THE NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCILS ADVICE AND ASSIST THE PRESIDENT ON NATIONAL SECURITY AND FOREIGN POLICIES • • • THE COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS>>ADVICES THE PRESIDENT ON ECONOMIC POLICIES. • …*PREPARE THE EMPIRIRCAL RESEARCH FOR THE WHITE HOUSE AND PREPARES THE ANNUAL ECONOMIC REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT • •
• THE OFFICE OF UNITED STATE TRADE REPRESENTATIVE>>RESPONSUBLE FOR DEVELOPING AND RECOMENDING THE UNITED STATES TRADE POLICY CONDUCTING TRADE NEGOTIATION ON BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL LEVEL • • • PRESIDENTS INTELLIGENCE ADVISORY BORAD>>PROVIDES ADVICE TO THE PRESIDENT CONCERNING THE QUALITY AND ADEQUACY OF INTELLIGENCE SOURCES, ANALYSIS AND ESTIMATES OF COUNTERINTERLIGENCE AND OF OTHER INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES
• DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE>> THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE IS AN EXECUTIVE DAPARTMENT OF THE U. S GOVERNMENT CONCERNED DIRECTLY WITH NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE U. S AREMED FORCES • • CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY>> THE CENTRAL INTERLIGENCE AGENCY [CIA] IS AN INDEPENDENT CIVILIAN INTELLIGENCE AGENCY OF THE U. S GOVERNMENT THAT PROVIDES NATIONAL SECURITY INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENTS TO SENIOR U. S POLICYMAKERS. • *THE ALSO OVERSEES TACTICAL COVERT OPERATIONS AT THE REQUEST OF THE PRESIDENT
• CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY>> THE CENTRAL INTERLIGENCE AGENCY [CIA] IS AN INDEPENDENT CIVILIAN INTELLIGENCE AGENCY OF THE U. S GOVERNMENT THAT PROVIDES NATIONAL SECURITY INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENTS TO SENIOR U. S POLICYMAKERS. • *THE ALSO OVERSEES TACTICAL COVERT OPERATIONS AT THE REQUEST OF THE PRESIDENT • • • CONGRESS>>*POWER TO DECLARE WAR • *CHECKS THE FOREIGN POLICY ACTIONS OF THE PRESIDENT • *REGULATE COMMERCE OVERSEES • • • INTEREST GROUPS>>TRIES TO INFLUENCE THE GOVERNMENT FOREIGN POLICY DECISION THROUGH LOBBYING • FRAMING, AND MONITORING FOREIGN POLICY DECISIONS AND TRY TO INFLUNECE IT. • • MEDIA>>BRINGS THE ACTUAL STORY OF FOREIGN POLICY DECISIONS TO THE ‘NAÏVE AMERICANS’ • e. g VIETNAM WAR
• REASONS THE STATE DEPARTMENT LOST INFLUENCE IN FOREING POLICY FORMULATION AFTER WW 1 • • *ISOLATIONALIST TO INTERNATIONALIST POLICY. . PRIOR TO WORLD WAR 2, THE UNITED STATES HAD MAINTANED AN ISOLATIONIST FOREIGN POLICY, THOUGH THERE HAVE BEEN SHORT PERIOD OF INTERNATIONALIST STANCE i. e WORLD WAR 1, BEFORE RETURNING TO “NOMALCY”. • • *AT THE END OF THE WORLD WAR 11, THE UNITED STATES ABANDONED ISOLATIONALISM AND MOVED TO SHAPE THE WORLD ORDER • • “AS THE U. S ROLE IN WORLD AFFAIRS EXPANDED, THE STATE DEPARTMENT AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS FAILED TO EXPAND CORRESPONDINLY”[CHARLES. W. TAIT] • • *AFTER WORLD WAR 11, THERE WAS NEED TO DIVERSIFY INTELLIGENCE GATHERING AND FOREIGH POLICY ACTIVITIES, • *PRESIDENT HARRY TRUMAM, UNDER THE NATIONAL SECURITY ACT OF 1947, ESTABLISHED AN INTELLIGENCE AUTHORIRTY INDEPENDENT OF STATE • >>NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL • >>THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY • • THE BIRTH OF CIA AND NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL WAS THE BANE OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE STATE DEPARTEMNT,
• “CIA AT ITS BIRTH WAS SOMETHING MORE THAN A RIVAL OF STATE”, “IT WAS MORE LIKE AN AGENCY WITH AN ‘ITCH TO GET INTO THE ACT’ “IT WAS AN AGENCY WHOSE EXISTENCE ATTESTED TO THE INCOMPETENCE OF DIPLOMATIC ESTABLISHEMENT”(SMITH SIMPSON) • • >> State Department has sometimes been kept in the dark about C. I. A. operations outside the intelligence field when they have run counter to department policies. In the Bay of Pigs episode, the C. I. A. negotiated with the government of Guatemala for the right and the facilities to train in that country Cuban refugees destined to invade Cuba. C. I. A. paid the refugees, trained them and arranged their transportation to the Bay of Pigs, where they vainly sought to overthrow the Castro regime by force of arms supplied by C. I. A. • • *presidential domination in foreign policy decisions • Recently AL BAGDADHY BY Trump Administration
• IMPORTANCE • • >>>separation of powers • *“The congress declares war and the president fights the war” • • >>>sound foreign policy decisions
• THANKS
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