Goniometer Type of Goniometer fullcircle manual universal goniometer

Goniometer(관절각도기)

Type of Goniometer ① full-circle manual universal goniometer most versatile &popular ② Gonoimeters for single joint motion

Type of Goniometer ③ fluid inclinometer ④ pendulum inclinometer ⑤ electrogoniometer

Measurement ²Upper Ext. ²Lower Ext. ²Spine

Upper Ext. Test Position ² Subject supine ² Flatten lumbar spine (flex knees) ² Shoulder no abduction, adduction or rotation ² (note: to measure glenohumeral motion, stabilize scapula) Shoulder flexion(0~180°) Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – center of humeral head near acromion process ² Stationary arm – parallel mid-axillary line ² Moving arm – aligned with midline of humerus (lateral epicondyle)

Shoulder extension(0~60°) Test Position ² Subject prone ² Shoulder no abduction, adduction or rotation ² (note: to measure gleno -humeral motion, stabilize scapula) Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – center of humeral head near acromion process ² Stationary arm – parallel mid-axillary line ² Moving arm – aligned with midline of humerus (lateral epicondyle)

Shoulder abduction(0~180°) Test Position ² Subject supine ² Shoulder 0 o flexion and extension ² Shoulder laterally (externally) rotated ² Shoulder abducted ² Stabilize thorax (note: to measure gleno-humeral motion, stabilize scapula)

Shoulder abduction(0~180°) Goniometer Alignment ²Axis – center of humeral head near acromion process ²Stationary arm – parallel to sternum ²Moving arm – aligned with midline of humerus

Shoulder external rotation(0~90°) Test Position ² Subject supine ² Shoulder 90 o abduction ² Forearm neutral ² Elbow flexed 90 o ² Stabilize arm Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – olecranon process of ulna ² Stationary arm – aligned vertically ² Moving arm – aligned with ulna (styloid process)

Shoulder internal rotation(0~70°) Test Position ² Subject supine ² Shoulder 90 o abduction ² Forearm neutral ² Elbow flexed 90 o ² Stabilize arm Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – olecranon process of ulna ² Stationary arm – aligned vertically ² Moving arm – aligned with ulna (styloid process)

Elbow flexion(0~150°) Test Position ² Subject supine ² Shoulder neutral (arm at side) ² Forearm supinated ² Elbow flexed ² Stabilize arm Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – lateral epicondyle of humerus ² Stationary arm – aligned with humerus (center of acromion process) ² Moving arm – aligned with radius (styloid process)

Elbow extension(150~0°) Test Position ² Subject supine ² Shoulder neutral (arm at side) ² Forearm supinated ² Elbow extended ² Stabilize arm Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – lateral epicondyle of humerus ² Stationary arm – aligned with humerus (center of acromion process) ² Moving arm – aligned with radius (styloid process)

Forearm pronation(0~80°) Test Position ² Subject sitting ² Shoulder neutral (arm at side) ² Elbow flexed to 90 o ² Stabilize arm ² Pronate forearm Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – lateral to ulnar styloid ² Stationary arm – parallel to humerus ² Moving arm – aligned with dorsum of radius

Forearm supination(0~80°) Test Position ² Subject sitting ² Shoulder neutral (arm at side) ² Elbow flexed to 90 o ² Stabilize arm ² Supinate forearm Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – medial to ulnar styloid ² Stationary arm – parallel to humerus ² Moving arm – aligned with ventral aspect of radius

Wrist flexion(0~80°) Test Position ² Subject seated ² Forearm stabilized on table ² Flex wrist (fingers relaxed) Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – lateral wrist (triquetrum) ² Stationary arm – aligned with ulna ² Moving arm – aligned with fifth metacarpal

Wrist extension(0~70°) Test Position ² Subject seated ² Forearm stabilized on table ² Extend wrist (fingers relaxed) Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – lateral wrist (triquetrum) ² Stationary arm – aligned with ulna ² Moving arm – aligned with fifth metacarpal

Radial deviation(0~20°) Test Position ² Subject sitting with forearm resting on table ² Stabilize forearm to prevent pronation or supination Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – capitate ² Stationary arm – aligned with forearm (lateral epicondyle) ² Moving arm – aligned with metacarpal of middle finger

Ulnar deviation(0~30°) Test Position ² Subject sitting with forearm resting on table ² Stabilize forearm to prevent pronation or supination Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – capitate ² Stationary arm – aligned with forearm (lateral epicondyle) ² Moving arm – aligned with metacarpal of middle finger

Lower Ext. Test Position ² Subject supine ² Allow knee to flex (to avoid limitation by tight hamstrings) ² Stabilize pelvis to prevent rotation, Hip flexion(0~120°) ² ² Goniometer Alignment Axis – greater trochanter Stationary arm – aligned with midline of plevis Moving arm – aligned with femur (lateral epicondyle)

Hip extension(0~30°) Test Position ² Subject prone ² Stabilize pelvis to prevent rotation ² Extend hip Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – greater trochanter ² Stationary arm – aligned with midline of plevis ² Moving arm – aligned with femur (lateral epicondyle)

Hip abduction(0~45°) Test Position ² Subject supine ² Stabilize pelvis to prevent pelvic list ² Abduct hip Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) ² Stationary arm – aligned with opposite ASIS ² Moving arm – aligned with femur (center of patella)

Hip adduction(0~30°) Test Position ² Subject supine ² Stabilize pelvis to prevent pelvic list ² Abduct opposite hip (to allow room for tested limb to adduct) ² Adduct hip Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) ² Stationary arm – aligned with opposite ASIS ² Moving arm – aligned with femur (center of patella)

Hip internal rotation(0~45°) Test Position ² Subject sitting on table ² knee flexed ² Stabilize distal thigh ² medially (internally) rotate hip Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – center of patella ² Stationary arm – aligned vertically ² Moving arm – aligned with leg (crest of tibia)

Hip external rotation(0~45°) ² ² ² Test Position Subject sitting on table knee flexed Stabilize distal thigh hip laterally (externally) rotated ² Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – center of patella ² Stationary arm – aligned vertically ² Moving arm – aligned with leg (crest of tibia)

Knee flexion(0~135°) ² Test Position ² Subject supine ² Allow hip to flex ² Flex knee ² Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – lateral epicondyle of femur ² Stationary arm – aligned with greater trochanter ² Moving arm – aligned with lateral malleolus

Knee extension(135~0°) ² Test Position ² Subject prone ² Stabilize femur ² Extend Knee ² Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – lateral epicondyle of femur ² Stationary arm – aligned with greater trochanter ² Moving arm – aligned with lateral malleolus

Ankle plantar flexion(0~50°) ² Test Position ² Subject supine ² Extend knee ² Stabilize leg ² Plantarflex ankle ² Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – lateral malleolus ² Stationary arm – aligned with fibular head ² Moving arm – aligned with fifth metatarsal

Ankle dorsiflexion(0~20°) Test Position Subject prone Flex knee Stabilize sub-talar in neutral ² Dorsiflex ankle by pushing through 5 th metatarsal head ² ² ² Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – lateral malleolus ² Stationary arm – aligned with fibular head ² Moving arm – aligned with fifth metatarsal

Ankle inversion(0~35°) ² Test Position ² Subject prone ² Stabilize tibia in sagittal plane (rotate hip or pelvis to align tibia) ² Invert calcaneus ² Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – automatically positioned by alignment of goniometer arms ² Stationary arm – aligned with midline of leg ² Moving arm – aligned with midline of calcaneus

Ankle eversion(0~15°) ² Test Position ² Subject supine ² Stabilize calcaneus and talus ² Evert forefoot ² Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – automatically positioned by alignment of goniometer arms ² Stationary arm – aligned with midline of leg ² Moving arm – aligned with plantar aspect of metatarsal heads

Spine CERVICAL SPINE FORWARD BENDING (flexion) Test Position ² Subject sitting with lumbar and thoracic spines supported ² Stabilize lumbar and thoracic spines ² Flex cervical spine ² Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – external auditory meatus ² Stationary arm – vertical ² Moving arm – aligned with nostrils

CERVICAL SPINE BACKWARD BENDING (extension) ² Test Position ² Subject sitting with lumbar and thoracic spines supported ² Stabilize lumbar and thoracic spines ² Mouth relaxed and slightly open ² Extend cervical spine ² ² Goniometer Alignment Axis – external auditory meatus Stationary arm – vertical Moving arm – aligned with nostrils

CERVICAL SPINE SIDEBENDING ² Test Position ² Subject sitting with lumbar and thoracic spines supported ² Stabilize lumbar and thoracic spines ² Sidebend cervical spine ² Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – spinous process of C 7 ² Stationary arm – spinous processes of thoracic spine ² Moving arm – posterior midline of head at occipital protuberance

CERVICAL SPINE ROTATION ² Test Position ² Subject sitting with lumbar and thoracic spines supported ² Stabilize lumbar and thoracic spines ² Rotate cervical spine ² Goniometer Alignment ² Axis – center of superior aspect of head ² Stationary arm – aligned with acromion processes ² Moving arm – aligned with tip of nose

THORACO-LUMBAR SPINE FORWARD BENDING (flexion) ² Test Position ² Subject standing ² Flex thoracic and lumbar spines ² Tape Measure Alignment ² Spinous processes of C 7 and S 1

THORACO-LUMBAR SPINE BACKWARD BENDING (extenion) ² Test Position ² Subject standing ² Extend thoracic and lumbar spines ² Tape Measure Alignment ² Spinous processes of C 7 and S 1

THORACO-LUMBAR SPINE SIDEBENDING ² Test Position ² Subject standing ² Stabilize pelvis ² Sidebend thoracic and lumbar spines ² Goniometer Alignment ² Axis - S 1 spinous process ² Stationary arm - vertical ² Moving arm - C 7 spinous process

THORACO-LUMBAR SPINE ROTATION Test Position Subject sitting Stabilize pelvis Do not allow sidebending, forward bending or backward bending ² Rotate thoracic and lumbar spines ² ² ² ² Goniometer Alignment Axis - center of superior aspect of head Stationary arm - aligned with anterior superior iliac spines Moving arm - aligned with acromion processes