GOESPOES Status Orbits and Products Dr Bernie Connell

GOES/POES Status, Orbits, and Products Dr. Bernie Connell CIRA/NOAA-RAMMT March 2005 CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

Outline GOES vs. POES GOES Satellite and Sensors Orbit Image Scheduling Channels and Products (Imager and Sounder) POES Orbit Image Availability Channels and Products CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

Why do you need to know this? • Let you know what resources are available currently or what resources will be available in the future • Help you understand key features of the various satellites. • Define periods when you expect to view images. • Define what is happening when you do not see images. CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

GOES vs. POES 850 km 35, 800 km Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite geo-synchronous orbit 35, 800 km above the earth Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite sun-synchronous orbit 850 km above the earth CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

The GOES and POES Systems • Environmental Sensing: – Acquisition, Processing, and Dissemination of imaging and sounding data. – Space environment monitor • Data Collection: – Interrogate and receive data from earth surfacebased Data Collection Platforms • Data Broadcast: – Continuous relay of weather facsimile and other meteorological data to small users – Relay of distress signals from aircraft or marine vessels to the search and rescue ground station GOES I-M Data. Book, NOAA KLM User’s Guide CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

Characteristics of GOES • • • Observes events and their evolution Repeat coverage in minutes (t = 15 or 30 minutes (or less)) Full earth disk Restricted viewing of high-latitudes due to large viewing angles; excellent viewing of the tropics Same viewing angle for fixed point Differing solar illumination for fixed point throughout the day Resolution: visible – 1 km , infrared 4 km sounder – 10 km Constant hourly viewing helps get clear field of view for sounding Passive sensors Satellite Meteorology: Remote Sensing Using the New GOES Imager CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

Characteristics of POES • • Observes events at fixed and infrequent times Repeat coverage twice daily (t =12 hours) Global coverage Excellent viewing of all latitudes Varying viewing angle Same solar illumination Resolution: visible – 1 km, infrared – 1 km sounders: microwave – 10 -50 km, infrared - 20 km • Microwave helps with atmospheric and surface detection in the presence of clouds • Passive and Active sensors Satellite Meteorology: Remote Sensing Using the New GOES Imager CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

Image Resolution The design of the sensor and resulting image resolution is determined by many factors: • Detail in the horizontal (imagers) • Detail in the vertical (sounders) • Satellite distance from earth (36, 000 km vs. 850 km) • Resolving power of the lens and the wavelength of radiation. • Size of sensor (cost) CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

Active vs. Passive Sensors • A passive sensor measures energy emitted by another source. • An active sensor, such as a weather radar, measures the return signal from a pulse of energy emitted by the sensor itself. CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

Multispectral vs. Hyperspectral • Multispectral sensors – sensors that collect imagery for a small number of broad wavelength bands • Hyperspectral sensors – sensors that collect imagery for a large number (hundreds) of narrow contiguous wavelength bands. CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

GOES-8 Spacecraft The GOES Spacecraft GOES I-M Data. Book

Imager Area Scan (For GOES 8 – 11) GOES-12 has a wider spectral band for the water vapor channel and the 12. 0 um channel has been replaced with a 13. 3 um channel. GOES I-M Data. Book

GOES Imager Channels GOES Channel Wavelength (µm) Central Wavelength (µm) Number of Detectors (per scan) Detector Resolution (km) _____________________________ 0. 7 3. 9 6. 7 6. 5 10. 7 12. 0 13. 3 8 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 4 8 4 4 4 8 Visible Shortwave IR Longwave IR 1 0. 52 -0. 72 2 3. 78 -4. 03 3 6. 47 -7. 02 3 G 12 5. 77 -7. 33 4 10. 2 -11. 2 5 11. 5 -12. 5 6 G 12 12. 9 -13. 7 CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

Midwave 1 14. 71 CO 2, Stratosphereic temperature 10 7. 43 Water vapor, Lower to midlevel tropospheric moisture 2 14. 37 CO 2, Stratosphereic temperature 11 7. 02 Water vapor, mid-level tropospheric moisture 3 14. 06 CO 2, Upper-tropospheric temperature 12 6. 51 Water vapor, upper-level tropospheric moisture 4 13. 96 CO 2, Mid-tropospheric temperature 13 4. 57 CO 2, Lower-level tropospheric temperature 5 13. 37 CO 2, Lower-tropospheric temperature 14 4. 52 CO 2, Mid-level tropospheric temperature 6 12. 66 Water vapor, lowertropospheric moisture 15 4. 45 CO 2, Upper-level tropospheric temperature 7 12. 02 Water vapor, “dirty” (moisture contaminated) window 16 4. 13 CO 2, Boundary-layer temperature 8 11. 03 Window, cloud-top and surface temperature 17 3. 98 Window, cloud top and surface temperature 9 9. 71 Ozone, stratospheric ozone 18 3. 74 Window, cloud top and surface temperature Visible 0. 94 Visible window, cloud top and surface features Comment (spectral region, application) Resolution = 10 km Satellite Meteorology: Using the GOES Sounder Channel Center Wavelength (um) Comment (spectral region, application) Shortwave Channel Center Wavelength (um) Midwave Longwave GOES Sounder Channels

GOES I-M Data. Book

GOES-EAST ROUTINE IMAGER SCHEDULE SECTORS SECTOR CONUS N. HEMIS. EXT S. HEMIS. FULL DISK DURATION MINS: SECS 4: 48 14: 13 4: 48 26: 05 CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

GOES-EAST RAPID SCAN IMAGER SCHEDULE SECTORS SECTOR CONUS N. HEMISPHERE S. HEMIS. S. S. FULL DISK DURATION MINS: SECS 4: 43 9: 44 1: 45 26: 05 CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

GOES-EAST SUPER RAPID SCAN IMAGER SCHEDULE SECTORS SECTOR CONUS N. HEMISPHERE SRSO (Maryland) FULL DISK DURATION MINS: SECS 4: 43 9: 44 1: 02 26: 05 CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

GOES-EAST SOUNDER SCAN SCHEDULES SECTOR CONUS E. CARIBBEAN GULF OF MEXICO N. ATLANTIC DURATION MINS: SECS 30: 00 22: 00 CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

GOES Imager Products Heavy Rainfall High density winds Fog/low cloud Inflight Icing Volcanic ash detection Fire detection CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

GOES Sounder Products Lifted Index CAPE Convective Inhibition Total Precipitable Water Surface Skin Temperature Water vapor winds CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

POES • Main Operational POES: NOAA DMSP • Semi-operational POES: Quik. SCAT Terra and Aqua (contain MODIS imager) CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

NOAA KLM System Sensors of interest • Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer/3 (AVHRR/3) • Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit – A (AMSU – A) • Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit – B (AMSU – B) • High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS/3) CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Sensors of interest • Special Sensor Microwave / Imager (SSM/I) • Special Sensor Microwave / Temperature (SSM/T) – Atmospheric Temperature Profiler • SSM/T 2 – Atmospheric Water Vapor Profiler http: //dmsp. ngdc. noaa. gov/dmsp. html CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

Cross-track Scanning (AVHRR, AMSU, MODIS) Polar Satellite Products for the Operational Forecaster – COMET CD Module CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

Conical Scanning –SSM/I Polar Satellite Products for the Operational Forecaster – COMET CD CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

Orbital Coverage • Satellite makes one orbit (360°) in about 100 min; i. e. , it goes about 3. 6°/min, or about 10° in 3 minutes. • With a knowledge of which way the satellite is moving and how fast it is moving, one can estimate viewing time at a particular point. Introduction to POES data and products – COMET/VISIT teletraining CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

AMSU coverage (2200 km swath) http: //amsu. cira. colostate. edu/ CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

SSMI coverage (1400 km swath) swath Example from NOAA’s Marine Observing Systems Team Web Page http: //manati. orbit. nesdis. noaa. gov/doc/ssmiwinds. html CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

AVHRR/3 (3000 km swath) Channel 1 Ground Spectral Range Resolution (at (um) nadir) (km) 0. 58 -0. 68 Application 1. 09 Clouds, land-water boundaries, snow, ice, vegetation monitoring 2 0. 725 -1. 09 Clouds, land-water boundaries, snow, ice, vegetation monitoring 3 A 1. 58 -1. 64 1. 09 Clouds, sea surface temperature 3 B 3. 55 -3. 93 1. 09 Clouds, sea surface temperature 4 10. 3 -11. 3 1. 09 Clouds, sea surface temperature 5 11. 5 -12. 5 1. 09 Clouds, sea surface temperature CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

AVHRR Products SST • Sea Surface Temperature (SST) • Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) • Atmospheric aerosols • Volcanic Ash detection • Fire detection NDVI Aerosols Fires Volcanic Ash CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

AMSU-A AMSU-B Channel Frequencies (GHz) and Polarizations 1 23. 8 R 89. 0 R 2 31. 4 R 157. 0 R 3 50. 3 R 183. 3 +/- 1 R 4 52. 8 R 183. 3 +/- 3 R 5 53. 6 R 183. 3 +/- 7 R 6 54. 4 R 7 54. 9 R 8 55. 5 R 9 57. 2 R 10 57. 29 +/-. 217 R 11 57. 29 +/-. 322 +/-. 048 R 12 57. 29 +/-. 322 +/-. 022 R 13 57. 29 +/-. 322 +/-. 010 R 14 57. 29 +/-. 322 +/-. 0045 R 15 89. 0 R Source: Kidder and Vonder Haar (1995) Notation: x±y±z; x is the center frequency. If y appears, the center frequency is not sensed, but two bands, one on either side of the center frequency, are sensed; y is the distance from the center frequency to the center of the two pass bands. If z appears, it is the width of the two pass bands. Polarization: R = rotates with scan angle. CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

SSM/I – Microwave Imager Frequency (GHz) Polarization Spatial Resolution 19. 35 V, H 43 x 69 km 22. 35 V 40 x 60 km 37. 0 V, H 29 x 37 km 85. 5 V, H 13 x 15 km Polarization: V = vertical, H = horizontal Source: Kidder and Vonder Haar (1995); POES Microwave Applications CD - COMET CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

Meteorological Parameters Summary of Key Interactions and Potential Uses Frequencies AMSU SSMI Microwave Processes Potential Uses 23 GHz 22 GHz Absorption and emission by water vapor Oceanic precipitable water 31, 50, 89 GHz 19, 37, 85 GHz Absorption and emission by cloud water Oceanic cloud water and rainfall 89 GHz 85 GHz Scattering by cloud ice Land ocean rainfall 31, 50, 89 GHz 19, 37, 85 GHz Variations in surface emissivity: Land/water boundaries Soil moisture/wetness Surface vegetation Ocean surface wind speed Snow and ice cover –Land vs. water –Different land types –Differenc ocean surfaces Scattering by snow and ice Polar Satellite Products for the Operational Forecaster – COMET CD CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

AMSU/SSMI Products TPW • • Total Precipitable Water (TPW) Cloud Liquid Water (CLW) Rain rate Snow and Ice cover CLW Ice cover Rain rate Snow cover http: //amsu. cira. colostate. edu/ CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

Quik. SCAT Orbit: Sun-synchronous, 803 km, 98. 6° inclination orbit Seawinds Instrument: Microwave Radar (active sensor) • 13. 4 GHz • Retrieval of near surface wind speed and direction • Resolution on ground: 25 km 1800 km wide swath NASA/JPL web pages: http: //winds. jpl. nasa. gov/about. Scat/index. cfm CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

Example from NOAA’s Marine Observing Systems Team Web Page http: //manati. orbit. nesdis. noaa. gov/quikscat/ CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

Example from NOAA’s Marine Observing Systems Team Web Page http: //manati. orbit. nesdis. noaa. gov/quikscat/ CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer 36 spectral bands 2330 km swath width 55° view angle Resolution on ground at nadir: – 1 km for all channels – 250 m for bands 1 and 2 (0. 645 and 0. 865 um) – 500 m for bands 3 – 7 (0. 470, 0. 555, 1. 240, 1. 640, 2. 130 um) CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

MODIS Reflective Bands Band Central wavelength (um) Primary Use 1, 2 0. 645, 0. 865 Land/Cloud/Aerosols Boundaries 3, 4 0. 470, 0. 555 Land/Cloud/Aerosols Properties 5– 7 1. 240, 1. 640, 2. 130 8 – 10 0. 415, 0. 443, 0. 490 11 – 13 0. 531, 0. 565, 0. 653 14 – 16 0. 681, 0. 750, 0. 865 Ocean Color/ Phytoplankton/ Biogeochemistry 17 – 19 0. 905, 0. 936, 0. 940 Atmospheric Water Vapor 26 1. 375 Cirrus Clouds 20 – 23 3. 750(2), 3. 959, 4. 050 Surface/Cloud Temperature 24, 25 4. 465, 4. 515 Atmospheric Temperature 27, 28 6. 715, 7. 325 Cirrus Clouds, Water Vapor 29 8. 550 Cloud Properties 30 9. 730 Ozone 31, 32 11. 03, 12. 02 Surface/Cloud Temperature 33 – 36 13. 335, 13. 635, 13. 935, 14. 235 Cloud Top Altitude Emissive Bands

MODIS Aqua coverage (2330 km swath) Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC) http: //www. ssec. wisc. edu/datacenter/aqua/ CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

MODIS Products Cloud fraction (daytime) Surface albedo Clear sky precipitable water (IR) Normalized difference vegetation index Cloud optical thickness (water) Ecosystem classification Aerosol optical depth AND MANY MORE http: //modis-atmos. gsfc. nasa. gov/index. html

Summary of swath widths for select POES AVHRR 3000 km AMSU 2200 km SSMI 1400 km Quik. SCAT 1800 km MODIS 2330 km CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM

References CDs produced by the COMET program (see meted. ucar. edu) Polar Satellite Products for the Operational Forecaster POES Introduction and Background POES Microwave Applications An Introduction to POES Data and Products Satellite Meteorology: Remote Sensing Using the New GOES Imager Satellite Meteorology: Using the GOES Sounder Space Systems Loral, 1996 : GOES I-M Data. Book Can be found online at: http: //rsd. gsfc. nasa. gov/goes/text/goes. databook. html NOAA KLM User’s Guide http: //www 2. ncdc. noaa. gov/docs/klm/index. htm NOAA/NESDIS Office of Satellite Operations: http: //www. oso. noaa. gov/goes/index. htm NOAA/NESDIS Office of Satellite Data Processing and Distribution http: //www. osdpd. noaa. gov/ Hastings, D. and W. Emery. 1992. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR): a brief reference guide. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 58(8): 1183 -1188. Kidder, S. Q. , and T. H. Vonder Haar, 1995: Satellite Meteorology. Academic Press, 466 pp. Stan Kidder’s AMSU webpage at CIRA: http: //amsu. cira. colostate. edu/ Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) http: //dmsp. ngdc. noaa. gov/dmsp. html NASA/JPL web pages: http: //winds. jpl. nasa. gov/about. Scat/index. cfm NOAA’s Marine Observing Systems Team Web Page http: //manati. orbit. nesdis. noaa. gov/doc/oceanwinds 1. html MODIS Rapid Response System http: //rapidfire. sci. gsfc. nasa. gov/ NASA MODIS Home page http: //modis. gsfc. nasa. gov/ CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM