God is Creator Proofs God Created Universe Life

God is Creator: Proofs God Created Universe & Life In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. Gen. 1: 1. By Douglas Del Tondo, Esq.

God is Creator Professor Whittaker explained in 1942: “It was never possible to oppose seriously the dogma of creation except by maintaining that the world has existed from all eternity in more or less its present state. ” Sir Edmund Whittaker, The Beginning and End of the World (Riddell Memorial Lectures) (Oxford: 1942) at 40.

God is Creator “That the world began yesterday or a million years ago has nothing to do with the mystery of how it began. It is no help to plunge into the middle of things and go on from there, pretending that there is no beginning and will be no end, or that beginnings and ends are trivial things compared to the rest of the world right now. It is amusing, but not effective, to hide behind a contradiction. . . explaining to ourselves and the world that ‘at some time, Random gathered itself together and the world began. ’ But this is obviously a child’s game, not meant to deceive even the child; for the phantasy of a world giving birth to itself is no less ludicrous than that of the infant bringing itself forth from its own womb. ” Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica Pt. 1, Ch 4. 1275 A. D.

God is Creator Paul Davies, professor of theoretical physics at the University of Newcastle upon the Tyne and atheist, says “the Universe cannot have existed forever; there must have been a creation. ” P. Davies, The Runaway Universe (1980).

God is Creator “To avoid the issue of creation, it would be necessary for the material in the Universe to be infinitely old, and this it cannot be for a very practical reason. For if this were so, there could be no hydrogen left in the Universe. . [H]ydrogen is being steadily converted into helium throughout the Universe and this conversion is a one way process that is to say, hydrogen cannot be produced in any appreciable quantity through the breakdown of the other elements. How comes it then that the Universe consists almost entirely of hydrogen? If matter were infinitely old this would be quite impossible. ” Hoyle, atheist and professor at Cambridge, The Nature of the Universe (1950) at 125.

God is Creator “If one subscribed to the Newtonian view that the universe was static and infinite, the dark night sky defied logic. If the universe is infinite and filled with an infinite number of stars and galaxies, then we should expect to see a light source no matter where we look. The sky should be as bright at night as it is during the day; yet, darkness at night is an unalterable fact of life. The mystery went unsolved until the advent of the big bang. . . The night sky is dark because there isn’t enough incoming light from stars and galaxies to brighten it. The universe came into being at a finite time in the past; in the 15 billion years since its birth, only a certain quantity of light from stars and galaxies had time to reach us. ” Trin Thuan, The Birth of the Universe (N. Y. , Times Mirror, 1993) at 63 -64.

God is Creator “Astronomy leads us to a unique event, a universe which was created out of nothing. . ” Arno Penzias, won Nobel prize for physics for the initial discovery of the cosmic background radiation, 1992. H. Margenau & R. Abraham Varghese, ed. , Cosmos, Bios, and Theos (La Salle, Il. , Open Court, 1992) at 83.

God is Creator C. S. Lewis, famous atheist professor who turned Christian, wrote that modern physics establishes that “nature is not everlasting, and the universe must have had a beginning. ” With this ground for atheism “now withdrawn, ” Lewis says “at the moment it now appears that the burden of proof rests, not on us, but on those who deny that nature has some cause beyond itself. ” Lewis, “Dogma and the Universe, ” from God in the Dock (Grand Rapids, Mich. : Eerdman’s, 1970) at 39.

God is Creator When the universe was created, it had a mass —a size—that if was slightly more or slightly less, would have collapsed back on itself long ago or coasted away without forming stars (and hence no planets and hence no life). Someone had to pick this size of original mass because making this selection is as delicate a task, scientists explain, as setting a pyramid on its point, in perfect balance, or shooting a dart across the cosmos and hitting a bulls-eye one millimeter in size on a distant quasar.

God is Creator “ ‘To get a universe that has expanded as long as ours has without collapsing or having its matter coast away [already] would have required extraordinary fine tuning. ’ [Turner, University of Chicago physicist] calculated the odds of achieving that kind of precise expansion . . . would be the same as throwing an imaginary microscopic dart across the universe to the most distant quasar and hitting a bull’s eye one millimeter in diameter. ” Richard Gore, “The Once and Future Universe, ” National Geographic (June 1983) at 704, 741, quoting Turner.

God is Creator “This [collapse of the universe] has not happened despite the universe having existed some 15, 000 million years, suggesting that we are very near the critical level [ i. e. , exactly right amount of initial mass known as 1]. To maintain such a precarious position neither exploding rapidly outwards nor collapsing inward for so long, like balancing a huge pyramid on its point, means the Big Bang conditions must have equaled the critical value to an accuracy of 50 decimal places. Anything less, and the Universe would long since have expanded out of sight; more and it would have collapsed back on itself. ” Gordon Fraser of European Laboratory of Particle Physics in Geneva, In Search of Infinity (1995) at 102.

God is Creator “But without faith, it is impossible to please Him, for he who comes to God must believe that He is, and He is a rewarder of those who diligently seek him. ” Hebrews 11: 6 (New Testament)

God is Creator All computerized recreations of our solar system show that the interplay of the planets’ gravitational pulls require that all planets should have long ago flown off wildly into space.

God is Creator “Several strikingly different methods of computing and tracking the evolution of planetary orbits all generate results confirming that chaos lurks in the planetary clockwork. . Sussman and Wisdom have remarked: ‘The fact that almost all long-term integrations of the solar system give exponential divergence of trajectories [i. e. planets fly off erratically] with a time scale in the range of 3 to 30 million years in physically quite different models is very striking and unsettling. This is compounded by the fact that [despite the efforts of Laskar and others] in no case have we unambiguously identified the mechanism responsible for the chaotic behavior. ’” Ivars Peterson, Chaos in the Solar System (1993), pp. 14, 15, 260, 264, 287; cfr. pp. 261 -63 [stability can be found with 3, but not 9 bodies orbiting a star; p. 256, chaos becomes possible with four planets].

God is Creator What Peterson is explaining is that the solar system is stable in computerized models based on Newtonian laws of gravity with only three planets. However, as soon as you add a fourth planet, the trajectories of all planets become unstable, and the planets should veer out of orbit. And as you add more planets, to a total of nine, the loss of trajectories is more certain. Thus, the mathematical models based on Newtonian laws of gravity appear valid to a point, but after that point, something else is intervening to hold together the planets. And it is obvious it is something powerful and able to counter very precisely the forces of gravity itself. Thus, it is true to say the earth is held in orbit by gravity, but something else is holding the earth in orbit despite the gravitational pull of the other planets that should hurl earth at any moment into darkest space— and should have done so many billions of years ago.

God is Creator Job 26: 7 (from 1500 B. C. ) says God “hangs the earth on nothing. ” In Job 38: 4 -7 God sarcastically asks: “Where were you when I laid the foundations of the earth? Tell me, if you have understanding. Who determined its measurements? Surely you know? or who stretched the line upon it? To what were its foundations fastened? Or who laid its cornerstone? ” Note this says the earth hangs on nothing, and rhetorically says its foundations were not fastened to anything. In the midst of this, it says a “line” was stretched upon or to the earth. An invisible chord or line is how God describes his laying the control over the earth that hangs on nothing and sits on nothing.

God is Creator Let’s rephase Job 38: 4 -7: “Where were you when I laid the foundations of the earth? Tell me, if you have understanding. Who determined its measurements? Surely you know? or who stretched the CHORD TO IT? To what were its foundations fastened? Or who laid its cornerstone? ” Ivars Peterson summarizes that a mysterious element is guiding and controlling the planets that exceeds the laws of gravity. “The dynamics of the solar system contain an element that simply can’t be captured by calculation. ” Ivars Peterson, Chaos in the Solar System (1993) at 260.

God is Creator Let’s study the word translated sometimes as line. Job 38: 4 -7 “or who stretched the CHORD [or line] TO IT? To what were its foundations fastened? Or who laid its cornerstone? ” God describes what is holding the earth by the Hebrew word kav meaning “chord (as connecting). ” It can also mean rule or rim or a musical string. (Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance). Here science helps us understand the proper translation is chord. God stretched a chord or line to earth as a means of holding it upon nothing. This is obviously symbolic of the means He uses to control earth’s path. It is not free-floating.

God is Creator “Can any sane person believe that all this array of stars and the Vast celestial adornment could have been created out of atoms rushing to and fro fortuitously and at random? Could any other being devoid of intelligence and reason have created them? Not merely did their creation postulate intelligence, but it is impossible to understand their nature without intelligence of a high order. . “If any man is not impressed by this coordination of things and this harmonious combination of nature to secure the preservation of the world, I know for certain that he has never given any consideration to these matters. ” Cicero, De Natura Deorum sec. 46.

God is Creator “The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament shows His handy work. Day unto day utters speech, And night unto night reveals knowledge. There is no speech nor language Where their voice is not heard. Their line has gone out through all the earth, And their words to the end of the world. ” Psalm 19: 1 -4 (Old Testament).

God is Creator The earth’s gravitational pull among the planets is unique, and if significantly less mass, we would have lost our atmosphere.

God is Creator Gravity (Nelson Doubleday 1968) at 27 -28 says: “Gravity is a fact of life which makes life possible. Apart from keeping us ‘glued’ comfortably to our planet even while the earth races around the sun at a speed of 67, 000 miles per hour gravity keeps a tight rein on our life, holding earth’s atmospheric blanket in place. It has been estimated that if the earth’s gravitational force had very much less than its actual strength, most of our atmosphere would have been lost to interplanetary space ages ago; hence the lifelessness of the moon. ”

God is Creator Gravity (Nelson Doubleday 1968) at 3 explains that gravity “extends into limitless space. . . [A]ll objects have gravity, although no one yet knows its cause. ” “Gravity is a characteristic of all matter. Everything attracts everything else, some things more than others. The more matter there is, the greater the gravitational attraction between objects. ” Id. at 7.

God is Creator Any two objects—even two little balls—pull at each other with a force of 0. 00006673 cubic centimeters per gram per second. This is known as the Big G—what we call gravity. (Gravity, supra, at 27. )

God is Creator: Gravity All matter has inside of it a call to other matter, although very weak, to come to it. We call this gravity or gravitational force. This call to other matter is exactly equal in all matter, no matter what type of mass. As mass increases (collects into a single organic or inorganic form), the collective “call” or gravitational force increases proportionally. Although scientists have examined inorganic and organic matter even at the molecular level, they never have found a mechanism within matter that causes gravity. Thus, gravity is an invisible unseen property or force that produces clear effects from which we deduce the existence of gravity.

God is Creator It follows that gravity is itself a non-material force. It exists, but itself has no material aspect. It indwells matter, much like our minds indwell our bodies, and yet our thoughts are floating on matter but not defined by matter. The general public is generally unaware of what gravity represents. GRAVITY IS UNSEEN, IMMATERIAL, AND YET REAL. AND THE G FORCE WAS IMPRINTED ON MATTER AS A VIRTUAL INSTRUCTION —WHAT WE ALL ACKNOWLEDGE NOW AS THE LAW OF GRAVITY. THUS, IF GRAVITY IS REAL, IT PROVES GOD CAN BE REAL EVEN IF NOT MATERIAL, AND INVISIBLE IF WE SEE REAL EFFECTS IN OUR UNIVERSE.

God is Creator With that background on gravity, bear in mind there are three more forces in the universe: the electromagnetic force, and the strong and weak forces.

God is Creator The four forces have these attributes. James S. Trefil, The Moment of Creation (1983) at 75)

God is Creator Michael Papagiannis in his article “Could You Build a Better Universe? ” Griffith Observer (1974) Vol. 38(8) at 211 discusses the four fundamental forces and their relative strengths. As you can see, they vary tremendously. You have an extremely potent strong nuclear force down to the very feeble gravitational force, some 1040 times less

God is Creator Papagianis points out that these ratios are actually quite critical for the existence of any life anywhere in the universe. If the ratio of strong to gravitational force was 1041 instead of 1040, planets would not be able to retain their atmospheres. The difference is utterly slight, because it would be a change of just adding one zero at the end of 40 zeroes—an extremely narrow alteration.

God is Creator Hence, earth is among the planets that depend on the most delicate fine-tuning of the force of gravity to the strong force. The slightest alteration in these two immaterial formulas floating as “laws” in the cosmos, and earth would have no atmosphere.

God is Creator The precisely identical balance applies between gravity and a different force: the electromagnetic force. They are tuned to a relationship where electromagnetism is 10 to the 40 th power stronger than gravity. If electromagnetism were increased (or gravity decreased) in relative intensity just by one zero (a very minor change), John P. Cox and R. Thomas Giuli, Principles in Stellar Structure, Volume II: Application to Stars (N. Y. : Gordon and Breach, 1968) at 944 -1028 explain life would not be possible anywhere in the universe because only small stars would form.

God is Creator Please note that in just these two examples, the gravitational force is precisely balanced to being 10 to the 40 th times less powerful than the electromagnetic force and the strong force, yet these two forces are very disparate from the other. So recall the force of gravity is extremely slight— 0. 00006673 cubic centimeters per gram per second. And if it was altered ever so slightly higher or lower in potency, sufficient to change the relationship to the strong force or electromagnetism by. 000000000000000000001 then life could never exist on earth or anywhere.

God is Creator What explains the origin of a fine-tuning of the immaterial force known as gravity by which all our lives—our very existence—depends on whether gravity’s pull has an inter-relationship with other forces measured as a fraction of either 40 zeros or 41 zeroes? Is this chance? Or design? “One part in 10 to the 40 th power is equivalent to a blindfolded person rummaging through a trillion piles of dimes the size of North America [containing just one red dime] that reach to the moon and picking out, on the first try,

God is Creator Paul Davies, chair of theoretical physics at Newcastle-upon-Tyre, admitted in 1995 that although he is not a religious man: “Yesterday’s theologians would have been delighted with today’s discovery of just how delicately balanced that cosmic order turns out to be. ” P. C. W. Davies, “The great conundrum in the sky, ” The Guardian (London) (Sept. 2, 1982) at 17.

God is Creator Robert Jastrow, founder and director of NASA's Goddard Space Studies for 20 years, presently Director of the Mount Wilson Institute that manages the Mount Wilson Observatory and former professor of astronomy at Columbia and Dartmouth, explains what these facts mean: “Yes, there is another aspect of modern astronomical discoveries that is, in my view, as remarkable as the evidence for the abrupt birth of the Universe. According to the picture of the evolution of the Universe developed by astronomers and his fellow scientists, the smallest change in any of the circumstances of the natural world, such as the relative strengths of the forces of nature, or the properties of elementary particles, would have led to a Universe in which there could be no life and no man. ” Jastrow, “The Astronomer and God, ” The Intellectuals Speak

God is Creator Scientist George Greenstein, who is committed to natural explanations, likewise confesses in The Symbiotic Universe (William Morrow: 1988) at 26 -27: “As we survey all the evidence, the thought insistently arises that some supernatural agency or, rather, Agency must be involved. Is it possible that suddenly, without intending to, we have stumbled upon scientific proof of the existence of a Supreme Being? Was it God who stepped in and so providentially crafted the cosmos for our benefit? ”

God is Creator Physicist Paul Davies, in his article “Physics and the Mind of God, ” First Things Aug. /Sept. 1995 at 31, 34, says: “If we could twiddle a knob and change the existing laws, even very slightly, the chances are that the universe as we know it would fall apart, descending into chaos. Certainly life as we know it, and even of less elaborate systems such as stable stars, would be threatened by just the tiniest change in the strengths of the fundamental forces. The laws that characterize our actual universe, as opposed to an infinite number of alternative possible universes, seem almost contrived—fine-tuned, some commentators have claimed— so that life and consciousness may emerge. . I cannot prove to you that this is design, but whatever it is certainly very

God is Creator The book of Job was written in 1500 B. C. , and is actually the first book of the Bible ever written. It existed several hundred years before the books written by the pen of Moses. Job’s statements about the earth rotating around the sun—heliocentricity — pre-dated the heliocentric view of the Greeks by 750 years.

God is Creator This aspect of Job is pointed out in Old Testament Survey (1981) at 8 published by the Evangelical Teacher Training Association: “The characters [in Job] presented facts in astronomy which have not been generally known until recent days. Their knowledge of physical geography and zoology was most accurate. One of the oldest books in the world, the book of Job refers to the roundness of the earth; the suspension of the earth in space; the circular motion and density of the clouds; . . . the rotation and the revolution of the earth. ”

God is Creator “He stretches out the north [i. e. polar star] over the empty place, and He hangs the earth on nothing. ” (Job 26: 7) (1500 B. C. ) (Old Testament)

God is Creator “You have commanded the morning since your days began; and caused the dayspring [sun] to know its place; That it [the sun] might take hold of the ends of the earth; …It [the earth] is turned as clay to the seal; and they [earth and sun] stand [hang] as a

God is Creator “That it [the sun] might take hold of the ends of the earth…” Job 38: 12 -14 (1500 B. C. ) Sun’s gravitational pull is primary hold over earth’s orbit in space.

God is Creator “It [the earth] is turned as clay to the seal; and they [earth and sun] stand [hang] as a garment. ” Job 38: 12 -14 (1500 B. C. ) This says the earth is the clay pot on a potter’s wheel as the potter holds a seal used to carve a distinct line as the clay is rotated.

God is Creator “It [the earth] is turned as clay to the seal; and they [earth and sun] stand [hang] as a garment. ” Job 38: 12 -14 (1500 B. C. ) To turn a clay pot, one had to hold the clay at both ends (i. e. , the top by one’s hand the bottom through support of potting wheel itself) while rotating it. See The Macmillan Visual Dictionary (N. Y. : 1992) at

God is Creator “It [the earth] is turned as clay to the seal; and they [earth and sun] stand [hang] as a garment. ” Job 38: 12 -14 (1500 B. C. ) In pottery manufacture, while rotating the clay, an imprint was added either by “thumb patterns” or “raked surfaces” with a stick or rake that were straight, crossed or zig-zag. (“Pottery, ” Funk & Wagnalls’ Encyclopedia Vol. 20 at 7215 (1972)).

God is Creator “It [the earth] is turned as clay to the seal; and they [earth and sun] stand [hang] as a garment. ” Job 38: 12 -14 (1500 B. C. ) Thus, the imagery well-known in Job’s day was of a fresh-clay pot spinning while a seal was being imprinted as the clay was turned or rotated. The Bible says the earth is turned as clay to the seal of the sun in the very same way. This means the earth moves in rotation relative to the sun, and

God is Creator “It [the earth] is turned as clay to the seal; and they [earth and sun] stand [hang] as a garment. ” Job 38: 12 -14 (1500 B. C. ) And this says the earth and sun are not laying flat, but are hanging like clothes hang—suspended in air.

God is Creator “He has made spherical [khug in Hebrew means ‘to make spherical’] the waters with bounds, until the day and night come to an end. ” (Job 26: 10) (1400 B. C. )

God is Creator Psalm 8: 27 -30, wisdom (or logos in Greek) speaks of his role in creation, and says, “When He prepared the heavens, I was there, When He drew a circle on the face of the deep. . . When he marked out the foundations of the earth, Then I was beside Him. ”

God is Creator Isaiah 40: 22 says, “It is He who sits above the circle of the earth. ” The Ryrie notes says this term circle or zenith “allows for the concept that the earth is a sphere. ”

God is Creator Please note all these statements in the Bible about the waters being a circle, the earth hanging on nothing, the sun holds the ends of the earth, the earth is rotated while the sun sets its seal on it, etc. are unobservable truths to those lacking scientific means to see. Only revealed knowledge

God is Creator However, the Bible teaches there are many things observable in nature, sufficient for one to deduce there must be a God.

God is Creator [W]hat may be known about God is plain to them [i. e. , humans], because God has made it plain to them. For since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities—his eternal power and divine nature—have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse. Romans 1: 19 -20 (New Testament)

God is Creator Where did life itself come from? Was it an accident in a primordial soup? Or must it have had a designer? And can we deduce the intelligence of this Designer from the resulting genius we see in life?

God is Creator “Two of his [Prof. Hoyle’s] reasons [for disputing origin of universe] involve the origin of life. The calculated time since the origin of the universe of 10, 000 millions years or so [i. e. 10 billion years ago] is not enough to account for the evolution of living forms. . . The essence of his argument last week was [based on] the information content [of genes]. Evolutionary processes would, Hoyle said, require several Hubble times [i. e. Hubble Time = 10 -17 billion years] to yield [the right nucleotide sequences for life]. The chance that higher life forms might have emerged in this way is comparable with the chance that ‘a tornado sweeping through a junkyard might assemble a Boeing 747 from the materials therein. . ’ Of adherents of biological evolution, Hoyle said he was at a loss to understand ‘biologists widespread compulsion to deny what seems to be obvious. ’” Nature (11/12/81) Vo 294, 105

God is Creator All life depends on the identical genetic coding mechanism known as DNA. However, DNA contains within itself its own origin. Thus absent DNA existing already—somehow spontaneously arising—DNA has no other way of coming into existence. Popper, the famous philosopher of science, points out this dilemma as well: “But, as Monod points out, the machinery by which the cell [at least the only cells we know] translates the code ‘consists of at least fifty macromolecular components which are themselves coded in DNA. ’ Thus the code cannot be translated except by using certain products of the translation. This constitutes a really baffling circle: a vicious circle, it seems, for any attempt to form a model, or theory, of the genesis of the genetic code. ” Popper, “Scientific Reduction and the Essential Incompleteness of All Science, ” Studies in the Philosophy of Biology (1974) at 259, 270,

God is Creator And if you by-passed this barrier, you have what Hoyle was referring to earlier The core machinery of DNA that is necessary to replicate DNA requires an information specificity that is so incredible that its chance of occurring naturally in the finite time since the universe’s origin is the same as “a tornado sweeping through a junk-yard might assemble a Boeing 747 from the materials therein. . ” The only logical explanation from something so specific, and written as a code, and where its origin can only derive from within itself already existing, is an intelligent designer. For the DNA code is just that: a code. It has an alphabet, stop characters, and various punctuation symbols, just like any language. It obeys all the rules of other languages, with grammar, etc. DNA is in every cell of your body. It gave you birth from your parents and continues its replication function moment-by-moment to sustain your life, giving you fresh living cells all the time. And DNA cannot form unless DNA already exists—the baffling circle Monod pointed out.

God is Creator Also, DNA has an essential need for its built-in ability to generate specialized and complicated enzymes to defend itself from lethal free oxygen. Without DNA generating this enzyme, DNA would be instantly destroyed the minute it first evolved, because there is everpresent oxygen in deadly quantities in water and air. So one is compelled to believe DNA struck on its coding and replicating mechanism, and simultaneously its complicated defense against free oxygen. Francis Crick, the scientist who discovered DNA, and who struggled to find a natural explanation, finally conceded defeat: “An honest man, armed with all the knowledge available to us now, could only state that in some sense, the origin of life appears at the moment to be almost a miracle, so many are the conditions which would have had to have been satisfied to get it going. ” Francis Crick, Life Itself (1981) at 88.

God is Creator Salisbury made an insightful confession: “It’s as though everything must happen at once: the entire system must come into being as one unit, or it is worthless. ” Salisbury, “Doubts About the Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution, ” 33 Am. Biology Teacher (1971) at 335, 338.

God is Creator Here is another clear example of why DNA could not have evolved, but all had to be created miraculously at one time. All DNA requires a proof-reading mechanism to correct errors in copying information from an original life form to its copy. Any error rate of between 1 to 10 percent is fatal for a DNA genome of 100 bases (equivalent of letters in a code) or more. Maynard-Smith points out first life had to have an error rate of at least one percent. So it could only survive if it was less than 100 bases. To increase and become more complex, it would need a proof reading replicase enzyme. Yet, that enzyme cannot exist if the DNA is less than 100 bases. Maynard Smith explains this leads to a dead-end for life—what he calls a Catch-22.

God is Creator “This has brought us to the catch-22 of the origin of life. The first replicating molecules had to manage without informed enzymes, and hence had to put up with error rates greater than 1 in 100. This limited their genome size to 100 bases or less. To improve on this, they had to code for a replicase enzyme, and also for a primitive protein-synthesizing machinery. That cannot be done with as few as 100 bases. So, if you cannot increase your genome size you cannot code for an enzyme, and if you cannot code for an enzyme you cannot increase your genome. ” Maynard-Smith, The Problem of Biology (Oxford University Press, 1986) at 117 -18.

God is Creator Hence, the only explanation of the crucial replicase enzyme is that it must have existed when the first DNA existed that had 100 bases or more. (Humans have three trillion bases, or letters in their genetic code. ) That bespeaks intelligent intervention at minimum, if not assembly of the entire DNA structure. It is physically impossible to have come into existence without intervention.

God is Creator This paradox is confessed by all evolutionary biologists, with no solution. Besides Maynard-Smith, Woese adds: “The primitive cell was faced with the seeming paradox that in order to develop a more accurate translational apparatus it had first to translate more accurately. ” Woese, “On the origin of the Genetic Code, ” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. (1965) at 1546,

God is Creator “Given that there would be at least considerable difficulties in maintaining present-day biological information transfer processes in the absence of editing, the question arises as to the feasibility of information transfer in a protobiont which would at least initially lack such reactions. . In summary, it is not clear how a protobiont lacking editing reactions and with additional problems of biological inaccuracy resulting from poorly controlled metabolism can attain ‘threshold accuracy’ necessary for stability of the system and its subsequent evolution rather than breakdown of all information transfer. ” Lambert, “Enzymatic Editing Mechanisms and the Origin of Biological Information Transfer, ” J. Theoretical Biological Information Transfer, Vol. 107 at 387, 396, 398 (1984).

God is Creator Lambert confesses all his theories about the chance origin of life fall apart when this issue surfaces: “The prebiological system appears to face dissolution and death rather than refinements as a consequence of its nonspecific information transfer [i. e. lacking ‘editing reactions’]. It is far from clear that the proposals entertained herein or even any combination thereof [for the origin of proteins from amino acids], suffice to account for the chance evolution of life in the light of enzymic editing mechanisms and the implications thereof. ” Lambert, “Enzymatic Editing Mechanisms and the Origin of Biological Information Transfer, ” J. Theoretical Biological Information Transfer, Vol. 107 at 387, 401 -01 (1984).

God is Creator Let’s consider another dilemma for those who think life can happen without intervention of a super-intelligence. Consider this question about a traveling salesman. Let’s submit this question to a computer: please find the shortest route connecting a large number of cities. The difficulty increases exponentially as the number of destinations increase. For example, to pinpoint the best itinerary for a salesman traveling to 100 cities would require examining 100 x 99 x 98 x 97. . x 1 possibilities. Although this may sound simple, it is a “task that would take even the fastest computer billions of years to compute. ” (John L. Casti, “Confronting Science’s Logical Limits, ” Scientific American (Oct. 1996) at 102, 102).

God is Creator This traveling salesman problem is what DNA confronts when it must fold proteins in a three-dimensional shape that is precisely suited to the next cell being created. The same Scientific American (October 1996) discusses that DNA must finds the precise right sequence for protein folding and then execute it. And this involves a needle-inthe haystack problem like the traveling salesman problem. The protein “folds up rapidly into a highly specific threedimensional structure that determines its function in the organism. ”

God is Creator Your body does protein folding on a regular basis in “a matter of seconds, ” Castri points out, as it regenerates cells. How much time should this take if we hired the fastest supercomputer to resolve it? “It has been estimated that a supercomputer applying plausible rules for protein folding would need 10127 [years] to find the final folded form for even a very short sequence of just 100 amino acids. In fact, in 1993 Aviezri S. Fraenkl of the University of Pennsylvania showed that the mathematical formulation of the protein-folding problem is computationally ‘hard’ in the same way that the travelling salesmen problem is hard. How does nature do it? ” Scientific American (Oct. 1996) at 102, 102.

God is Creator Castri has no solution, except to believe that when an explanation based on chance alludes us, we need to ignore further talk about a subject and regard it as “scientifically unanswerable. ” That amounts to intentionally suppressing the only answer: design. Let’s see why. Because the universe is about only 109 years old, the replication of just one protein in your body would, if using the best designed supercomputer in the world, require 10127 years (about another 10118 more years than have already passed, which is equivalent to multiplying 1 trillion years by another trillion years about 10 times) to successfully fold. Yet, DNA has hidden somewhere in its information the key —absent which life could never have progressed from the beginning—which forms the proteins essential to cell

God is Creator Prof. Adleman of USC has proven directly that DNA has a computer in its structure. He has harnessed it to solve the traveling salesman problem up to seven cities—something that still would alude our supercomputers in our lifetime, and he did it in a very short time. His studies began in 1996 and were peer-reviewed and appeared in Science magazine in March 2002. The future of computing is going to be DNA. PC computers will be based on DNA because DNA has a built in parallel computer that is able to examine over 1 million possibilities per second, yet has low heat output. Prof. Adleman says DNA can crack the highest encryption methods used because of its extraordinary potency.

God is Creator For more information on DNA’s built-in computer, see: 1. Science Magazine, March 14, 2002 abstract online at http: //www. sciencemag. org/cgi/content/abstract/106952 8 v 1 2. Wired Magazine article on Dr. Adleman’s research http: //www. wired. com/wired/archive/3. 08/molecular_pr. h tml 3. Signal Magazine 1996 article on Dr. Adleman http: //www. us. net/signal/Archive/February 96/molefeb. ht ml 4. Computer. World article on Dr. Adleman http: //computerworld. com/cwi/story/0, 1199, NAV 47 -

God is Creator In sum, science was able to originally infer the existence of a super-computer inside of DNA, because only such power cold fold a protein into its correct threedimensional shape. Only a computing power able to solve the traveling salesman hypothetical in seconds would be able to solve how to fold proteins correctly and thereby have any function. Next, science was able to find that computer directly, and actually harness it to solve the traveling salesman problem when no supercomputer on earth could touch the problem in the same short period. Hence, it is fair to say DNA is endowed with the finest fastest most sophisticated computer in the world. And for life to have existed, it always had to have this

God is Creator Dr. Adleman found the key that unlocks protein folding. The ability of DNA depends upon a computerized process that makes our supercomputers look like child’s play. Consider that for just a brief moment. Our supercomputers are nothing compared to the feature in DNA that sorts and assembles the proteins perfectly. This not only reveals design, but it reveals that the designer’s potency so exceeds our own that we can never attain to its intellectual height. To do as Castri has done, and insist when the cause is pointing at your Creator, you must say it is “scientifically unanswerable, ” is a crime against science. For science seeks to know about the universe and everything in it. And that includes all intelligent life, including the one who created DNA. Call Him God or call

God is Creator Jeremiah 51: 7 “Compared to him [God] all people are foolish, and have no knowledge at all. ”

God is Creator At what point would this ability of DNA to solve folding correctly a protein from 100 amino acids have been needed?

God is Creator Remember, Castri in Scientific American (Oct. 1996) at 102 said: “It has been estimated that a supercomputer applying plausible rules for protein folding would need 10127 [years] to find the final folded form for even a very short sequence of just 100 amino acids. ” Where did we previously see 100 amino acids being a necessary hurdle in explaining the origin of life from natural materials?

God is Creator It was Maynard-Smith, The Problem of Biology (Oxford University Press, 1986) at 117 -18 explaining that life could not replicate unless it exceeded 100 base pairs of amino acids, which creates a conundrum of impossibilities: “This has brought us to the catch-22 of the origin of life. The first replicating molecules had to manage without informed enzymes, and hence had to put up with error rates greater than 1 in 100. This limited their genome size to 100 bases or less. To improve on this, they had to code for a replicase enzyme, and also for a primitive proteinsynthesizing machinery. That cannot be done with as few as 100 bases. So, if you cannot increase your genome size you cannot code for an enzyme, and if you cannot

God is Creator Let’s make a far-fetched supposition that when 100 bases were exceeded in the early DNA, just by accident simultaneously appeared the replicase enzyme. Yet, at the identical moment must appear something smart enough to fold the protein properly from these 100 bases or otherwise replication (life) will not occur. And for folding of these 100 base pairs, we need a computing power sufficient to crunch down to mere seconds what would take trillions upon thousands of billions of trillions of years for our supercomputers to perform. Hence, if we indulge in the assumption that replicase enzyme just appeared out of nowhere by accident, we must also believe in the fortuitous creation of the ultimate supercomputer ever known to science. If you believe this is all by chance, one believes in

God is Creator In sum, life cannot replicate successfully unless it has 100 base pairs. It cannot exceed 100 base pairs however unless it has a proof-reading enzyme called replicase but it cannot make this enzyme unless it already has 100 base pairs. (Hence the Catch-22. ) And if one supposed that replicase just fortuitously appeared, one must also believe the most brilliant supercomputer appears simultaneously to shape the 100 base pairs into a proper protein, reducing to mere seconds what our best supercomputers would take almost eternity to resolve just one time. Hence, belief that life can just by chance originate is without foundation.

God is Creator “Your hands have made me and fashioned me an intricate unity. . . Did you not. . . clothe me with skin and flesh, And knit me together with bones and sinews? You have granted me life and favor, And your care has preserved my spirit. ” (Job 10: 8, 11 -12 (Old Testament))

God is Creator Evolution has been the great antagonist of belief in God as Creator of individual life forms. It too is a mere phantom, quite easily disproven.

God is Creator Why? Fact One: DNA that creates each life form has a specific quality for each type of animal: it has a specific number of letters that belong to each type. This is known as the genome size. The letters are called base pairs.

God is Creator Why can Evolution be so easily disproven? Fact Two: Life forms generally have increasing genome sizes comparable to their increasing complexity and subsequent appearance on earth.

God is Creator Why can Evolution be so easily disproven? Fact Three: So to evolve from one type with one genome size to another type that has a larger genome size one must be able to add letters (base pairs) to the genome.

God is Creator Why can Evolution be so easily disproven? Fact Four: It has been repeatedly proven impossible to ever increase the size of a genome of a type. It can be mutated (re-arranged) or reduced in number. It however NEVER CAN BE ADDED TO.

God is Creator Why can we never add to the size of the genome of a given type of life? Because unlike recombinant mutations (rearranging or deleting letters), a mutation that adds letters to the genome—known as a page frame mutation—would always be fatal in nature, but even in the lab that can prevent the fatality, the result is uniformally catastrophic disfunction or at least nonfunction.

God is Creator Why can we never add to the size of the genome of a given type of life? This fatal quality of adding letters is true from amoebas to man. Yet there can be no Darwinian evolution from one type to another without this. And since adding letters is impossible, Darwinian evolution is impossible. It’s plain and simple to see. Take a closer look.

God is Creator Why evolution from type to type is impossible? First, let’s realize that all the proofs of evolution were really just examples of recombinant mutational activity within a type. The peppered moth changing from grey-white to black is recombinant evolution, not page frame mutation evolution.

God is Creator Why evolution from type to type is impossible? Thus all the so-called proofs piled upon us in the classroom and on TV were based on appearances, but not upon direct knowledge of mutations and what kind of mutation would be needed to change a type to another more advanced type (i. e. , more letter instructions) : a page frame mutation aka frameshift mutation.

God is Creator Dobzhansky, Genetics of the Evolutionary Process (N. Y. : Columbia University Press, 1970) at 55 explains the process: “A different kind of mutation is induced by the acridine dyes proflavin and acridine orange. These substances are believed to become inserted between the normal bases in the DNA chains, pushing these bases apart. This results in addition or deletion of one or several bases during the process of DNA replication, and in the appearance of so-called frameshift

God is Creator Why evolution from type to type is impossible? There are 3 million words in a bacteria’s DNA (9 million nucleotides, and every three forms a word). Humans have three trillion words that form its genome size. Unless you can increase the number of words in DNA by some natural means, you have no Darwinian type-to-new-type

God is Creator Why evolution from type to type is impossible? To go from 3 million words to 3 billion words, there must be some mutation that can add words …nucleotides. Absent this, no evolution can occur. That is fairly obvious and simple. Professor of Biology E. W. Fleck, of Whitman College, says, “without mutation no DNA

God is Creator Why evolution from type to type is impossible? Scientists have been able to force organisms to add a word to their instruction set. However, to insert these, scientist use dyes which always have a lethal release of free-oxygen. To spare some of the DNA from instant death, lab techs bathe organism in repair enzymes—something that could not naturally happen.

God is Creator Why evolution from type to type is impossible? Acridine dyes—a DNA by-product of higher life forms—is the only means that has been shown able to add letters. However, it can only do this if it also releases OH (free oxygen). OH is lethal to DNA. To create this reaction in an acridine dye, one needs to use an oxidizable substrate called NADH and chelated iron. Needless to say, the

God is Creator Why evolution from type to type is impossible? Paula Burch has theorized what could be natural substrates and chelators to release OH in an acridine dye. Yet, then nature must insert them together in a cell with the dye. Burch explains that “this further depends only on the accessibility of dyes to the interior of cells and the presence of the various components required within a single

God is Creator Why evolution from type to type is impossible? Then these acridine dyes, to form OH and thus damage DNA sufficient to accept new letters, would itself be lethal unless a chemist pre-introduces DNA repair enzymes to overcome the normal cascading affect of OH (free oxygen). Paula Burch, page 3, on Internet 9/96 (search Acridine or Paula Burch) (off of

God is Creator Did you notice the steps in adding a new letter? DNA has mechanisms to prevent letter additions. So the chemist must find a means of inflicting heavy damage from oxygen on DNA to disable its enzyme defense. The “lethal effects of photosensitizing dyes such as. . . acridines involve oxygen. . . , ” Ms. Burch explains. Then simultaneously, DNA must be assisted by external heavy doses of repair enzymes (collected from healthy DNA) to spare some

God is Creator Did you notice the steps in adding a new letter? Any child can see that you have destroyed a defense mechanism of DNA in order to add a letter, and in nature absent intervention it no longer has defenses to survive. And so adding the letter only succeeded because the chemist quickly inserted repair enzymes that heavily-damaged DNA cannot generate. So you have once more a closed circle. You cannot add letters to DNA without destroying DNA’s ability to repair itself and

God is Creator But what happens anyway after a new letter or letters are added? Does DNA still function? Unlike recombinant mutations that have a large neutral affect, and hence make evolution within a type very possible, mutations involving adding one or two letters are always fatal, that is it has uniformally drastic disfunction and usually total non -function.

God is Creator “adding or deleting one or two bases to the nucleic acid base sequence. . . have a uniformally drastic effect on gene function. Because …they are read in sequence from one end of the gene to the other without any punctuation between triplets, insertion of an extra base or two bases will lead to translation out of register of the whole sequence distal to the insertion or deletion point. The polypetide is drastically modified and usually fails to function at all. ” “Mutation, ” Mc. Graw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of

God is Creator What this is saying is the explanation for why DNA aborts if there additions to the genome size is because it keeps a count on how many letters are needed to form the gene. If that number is exceeded, it can detect that the number of letters copied mismatches what it it supposed to be, and terminates expressing that gene further. The reading page of DNA is said to be out of frame, and hence the term page frame mutation.

God is Creator Thus, evolution cannot occur without some kind of mutation that adds letters to the genome size, and this DNA prevents. It aborts expressing any gene that has the ‘wrong’ number of DNA letters. And of course, do not forget the experiments that added letters relied on what in nature is a lethal chemical process. Only by the chemist replacing the damaged aspect of DNA quickly can DNA hold the new letters for as briefly as it does before aborting

God is Creator And also do not forget that an acridine dye is not accessible in the era of bacteria. And even if it were, in order to have its lethal damage to DNA (before the chemist intervenes) and thereby open a door to a new letter position, there must be inserted into the cell two other chemicals … a substrate and a chelator … and this also bespeaks the chemists hand, not a natural occurrence.

God is Creator Hence, page frame mutations are impossible in nature. They are only seen in the laboratory for a brief moment, and depend on destroying DNA’s defenses and then replacing them immediately by artificial means. Then anyway, DNA cannot read correctly the new frame, because it keeps count of the number of letters. An addition of one or two letters is uniform drastic damage,

God is Creator Needless to say, evolution from one type could not occur without adding letters to the genome size of bacteria and later creatures. Yet, it is impossible. If one wanted to imagine it happened once, you still have millions or perhaps billions of types that must have had an addition in genome size explained each time as well. The barrier of page frame mutation blocks evolution.

God is Creator Why evolution from type to type is impossible? What about chromosome duplication? Doesn’t that add more words (binding sites) to allow evolution? No. Starting with bacteria, we can rule it out. Only higher organisms experience chromosome duplication. It cannot occur in a non-sexual reproducing creature and in one lacking a nucleus such as bacteria.

God is Creator Why evolution from type to type is impossible? What about chromosome duplication? And when it occurs in plants or animals that solely reproduce sexually, the resultant creature exists but cannot reproduce. A dead-end.

God is Creator What about chromosome aka gene fusion? Gene fusion (breaking off of a piece of a gene and re-connecting elsewhere) is really just recombination. There is no new binding sites (letter positions). Furthermore, it does not even have evolutionary significance for recombinations within a type. A fused gene only can survive if special editing occurred to DNA: deleting of stop and start codons, and ignoring intron messages. Lab techs can do this.

God is Creator Why is Darwinian evolution from type to new type impossible? For the simple reason that it depends on having a successful page frame mutation. And this is impossible naturally. It depends on inflicting damage that is then artificially repaired immediately. And the result is then anyway uniformally drastic disfunction or usually non-function. And there is no viable other means to add new letter positions, e. g. , chromosomoal duplication.

God is Creator Why is Darwinian evolution from type to new type impossible? So why do so many believe in Darwinian evolution from type to new type? Because they relied upon appearances, and the doctrine solidified well before we knew the actual means necessary to create a new type into a new type: page frame mutation. Once this problem was discovered, it was quickly ignored. Why? Because scientists are trained to ignore anything that points away from a natural explanation to an intelligent origin. They deem it unscientific.

God is Creator Why is Darwinian evolution from type to new type impossible? Regardless, Darwinian evolution from type to new type is impossible to occur naturally and without intervention that can add new letters. To go from bacteria at 3 million words to humans at 3 trillion words, an impossible process had to be breached many millions of times. Hence, all life depends on the Hand that did this.

God is Creator Jesus: “Stop judging by appearances, and make a right judgment. ” John 7: 24

God is Creator “Stop judging by appearances, and make a right judgment. ” John 7: 24 (Jesus) But how can I really know humans did not evolve from apes? or ape-like ancestors? I am everywhere taught this is true, from movies, tv, and in school. I am forced to memorize the evolutionary lineage as if it is real. What is true?

God is Creator “Stop judging by appearances, and make a right judgment. ” John 7: 24 (Jesus) IT IS EASILY PROVEN THAT HUMANS DID NOT EVOLVE FROM APES OR APE-LIKE ANCESTORS.

God is Creator “Stop judging by appearances, and make a right judgment. ” John 7: 24 (Jesus) First, apes have far smaller genome sizes than humans. And you thus have the barrier of page frame mutation that blocks asserting one type can evolve into another type. That ends the debate. However, there is even a simpler and more elegant disproof.

God is Creator The only place this issue was ever mentioned was in a graduate level textbook on evolution by Skelton. “The difference in chromosome number between humans (2 n=46) and the ape species, gorilla, chimpanzee and orang-utan (2 n=48) appears to have come about as the result of the fusion of two chromosomes which are still separate in apes. ” (Evolution (Skelton ed. ) (1993) at 99. )

God is Creator Please follow closely what Skelton is saying. All ape species have 48 chromosomes and all humans have 46. Chromosomes exist in two bands (which Skelton notes by using “ 2 n”), so when humans have children the wife gives 23 chromosomes and the husband gives 23 chromosomes, to form 46 chromosomes in a baby. When an ape mates, the female gives 24 chromosomes and the male gives 24, for a baby ape of 48 chromosomes.

God is Creator So, it is physically impossible for an ape and human to procreate because of this chromosome mismatch. You cannot match 24 chromosomes of the ape to the 23 chromosomes of a human, and hence you cannot produce an ape-human. The extra chromosome of an ape would get all tangled. Why is this relevant?

God is Creator Remember Skelton said the origin of human evolution “appears to have come about as the result of the fusion of two chromosomes…” in the first humans. We will show later that chromosome fusion (two chromosomes becoming one) is impossible due to the intron problem. However, putting that to one side, what is necessary for the first humans to have come about if we assume chromosome fusion is possible?

God is Creator Statistics alone will show this is a fantasy, a fable. For chromosome fusion to succeed, the female ape with this erroneous chromosome number— 23 instead of the normal 24—must encounter a male with the same erroneous chromosome number of 23. And to avoid tangling, the fusion must occur to the identical chromosome on each. So if chromosome 24 fuses to chromosome 2, this must be repeated for both

God is Creator Statistics alone will show this is a fantasy, a fable. Then there is always the chance that this damaged strand will not be given to the potential child, but the normal 24 chromosomes are given. Thus, each ape with the erroneous strand has a 50 -50 chance of giving the erroneous strand to the offspring rather than their good strand.

God is Creator Statistics alone will show this is a fantasy, a fable. With all these givens, are you ready to do the math? Level one: Assuming chromosome fusion is possible and it occurs to, let’s say, chromosome 2 and 4, ask yourself how many pair combinations are possible on one strand? Well, 1 can fuse with 23 other possible

God is Creator Statistics alone will show this is a fantasy, a fable. With all these givens, are you ready to do the math? Level two: Thus, the chance on the female ape that chromosome 2 fused with chromosome 4 is 1/552 possible pairs. Level three: And this is identical for a male: 1/552.

God is Creator Statistics alone will show this is a fantasy, a fable. With all these givens, are you ready to do the math? Level four: Assuming that certainly this male meets this female, the chance they both have chromosome 2 fused with 4, is 1/552 x 1/552. The odds are thus 1/304, 704 that the fusion is identical on one of their strands of

God is Creator Statistics alone will show this is a fantasy, a fable. With all these givens, are you ready to do the math? Level five: During mating, however, there is a 50 -50 chance that the damaged chromosome of the female will not be given to the baby, and likewise for the male. So the odds this baby receives the damaged chromosome must first

God is Creator Statistics alone will show this is a fantasy, a fable. With all these givens, are you ready to do the math? Level six: So doubling 1/552 x 1/2 = 1/1, 104. Thus, the odds any male and female ape with the same chromosome damaged (if absolutely certain to meet) who successfully fertilize an egg with the damaged chromosome is 1/1, 104 x 1/1, 104, or 1/1, 218, 816… one out of a 1 million 218 thousand. Thus, in a population of over 1 million apes, a pair of apes have

God is Creator Statistics alone will show this is a fantasy, a fable. But they are not certain to meet. Let’s add that in. Level seven: The highest mutation rate ever seen in nature is 1/1000. Thus, one out of a thousand apes might have a mutation, including a chromosome fusion. So in a population of let’s say 100, 000 apes, you have the chance 100 would have a chromosome fusion.

God is Creator Statistics alone will show this is a fantasy, a fable. But they are not certain to meet. Let’s add that in. Level seven: Assuming that mutation is 100% guaranteed to be to the same chromosome, what is the chance the one of the 50 males would mate with one of the 50 females in a population of 100, 000?

God is Creator Statistics alone will show this is a fantasy, a fable. Level seven: To answer that, first we assume half are male and half are female, and that tells us there are 250, 000 mating combinations. That is, the chance any particular male ape would mate with a female ape is 1/50, 000 x 1/50, 000, or 1 out of 250, 000 possible mating combinations.

God is Creator Statistics alone will show this is a fantasy, a fable. Level seven: But what is the chance that this one among 250, 000 mating possibilities would also be between one of the 50 mutant females and one of the 50 mutant males? The chance one of the partners has any mutation is 5 out of every 10, 000 apes (50 of 100, 000 apes). Or more simply, 1 out of every 2, 000 apes.

God is Creator Statistics alone will show this is a fantasy, a fable. Level seven: So if every 1/2000 apes is a mutant, and we need 2, the chance any 2 are both involved is 1/2000 x 1/2000, which equals a 1/4000 chance. Now we go back and multiply this by the chance any two specific apes will mate, which was 1/250, 000, and the sum of 1/4000 x 1/250, 000 = 1, 000, 000. A one in a billion

God is Creator Level eight: So the chance two apes with any kind of mutation in a population will mate is 1 in a billion.

God is Creator Level nine: Now we go back and add in the odds that if this 1 in 1 billion union occurs, what is the odds of the mutation being a fusion of the 2 d and 4 th chromosomes, and both donating to the baby? Remember it was 1/1, 218, 186.

God is Creator Level nine: So the final odds are multiplied by that: the chance any two mutant apes mate is 1 /1 billion x the chance this mutation is to the same two pare of chromosomes and both donate to the child, that is 1/1. 2 million. This totals a chance that in one in 1. 2 million billion unions might this occur just once.

God is Creator Incidentally, whatever population we begin with, the answer is always the same. The chance it could occur requires a population 1, 000 billion times greater than whatever is the hypothetical starting population. Hence, in science we call these kind of odds proof of an impossibility. The alternative is to believe in an implausible fantasy.

God is Creator Thus, the ape-to-human story is pure science fiction. But that’s just the beginning. For our baby must meet another baby just like it to procreate! When you add that in, the numbers become blistered into infinity.

God is Creator Thus, human evolution from apes is a pure myth, and scientists close to the evidence really know it. Skelton put his words in a cautionary way: it “appears” chromosome fusion occurred in the first humans, reducing the ape chromosome number from 24 to 23 in humans. What is the chance? Far-fetched would be the kindest word you could use. But we ignored that DNA maintains a vigilant defense against chromosome fusion. Let’s now look at the practical side of whether an ape’s 24 chromosomes could become 23 in humans.

God is Creator Let’s recall Skelton’s statement in full: “The difference in chromosome number between humans (2 n=46) and the ape species, gorilla, chimpanzee and orang-utan (2 n=48) appears to have come about as the result of the fusion of two chromosomes which are still separate in apes. ” (Evolution (Skelton ed. ) (1993) at 99. )

God is Creator Can chromosomes fuse? Can this be the cause of any evolution?

God is Creator First, let’s just note that all of evolutionary theory is at a cross-roads because of chromosome numbers. Humans are far from unique. Let’s take the 160 species and semispecies of Australian grasshoppers of the subfamily Morabinae. To believe in evolutionary relations between all of these grasshoppers, one must believe that “ 34 translocations resulting in chromosome fusion and 20 resulting in dissociation of

God is Creator This is from the greatest mind of evolution of our day: Dobzhansky, The Genetics of the Evolutionary Process (1970) at 389. And yet, Dobzhanksy makes no pretension that chromosome fusion really occurred.

God is Creator The genome size also does not vary often among a type, yet the chromosome numbers change remarkably. For example, the butterfly genus (family) Erebia has species whose chromosome numbers are 11, 14, 17, 19, 21, 22, 28, 29, and 40. Saturnid moths have chromosome numbers whose numbers are 13, 14, 19, 29, 30, 31, 33, and 49. Dobzhanksy comments: “Such differences can be mistaken for polyploidy, but, as far as is known, they involve little reconstruction of the chromosomal apparatus and no increase or decrease in the amount of genic materials. ” Dobzhansky, The Genetics of the

God is Creator Chromosome fusion involves parts of good chromosomes erroneously breaking off and connected to another chromosome. IT HAS NEVER BEEN OBSERVED THAT AN ENTIRE CHROMOSOME CAN FUSE TO ANOTHER. Thus, there is not even a name in science for what Skelton is talking about: entire chromosome fusion.

God is Creator For clarity, we shall refer to partial chromosome fusion to be distinct from the unknown and unheard of entire chromosome fusion that is essential for evolution among humans, butterflies, grasshoppers, and moths. So one can only reason by analogy from the known science of partial chromosome fusion to the speculation that there might be something called entire chromosome fusion.

God is Creator What is the science of partial chromosome fusion? 1. It can occur during replication, but never survives replication. This is true from bacteria to man. 2. The fused portion is quickly excised by reader enzymes in all DNA. 3. Thus, “in no case” have chromosomal rearrangements produced evolutionarily

God is Creator Even lowly bacteria has a “mismatch repair system” that immediately goes to work after replication is complete to stop any such fusion. Birky, Genetics (1993) section 12. 1 at 3.

God is Creator Then assuming somehow this mismatch defense were turned off, Lewinton explains that the only way gene fusion can stick is if the start and stop signals in the new gene material are deleted, otherwise the fusion will fail. Levinton, Genetics, Paleontology, and Macromutation (Columbia Univ. Press,

God is Creator All genes have one start signal at the start and a stop signal at the end. They are identical in all life, and are called “the open reading group. ” To imagine only these are deleted, but the rest of the gene is retained, is believing just two words out of thousands are deleted.

God is Creator However, if you wanted to believe that, another problem surfaces next. In 1977 arrived the intron problem that shuts off any notion that gene fusion is possible in nature. What is an intron?

God is Creator In 1977 it was discovered that all life which have nucleuses (animals, plants, etc. ) have unexpressed words “smack in the middle of the genes themselves” sometimes up to 50 to 100 of these intervening sequences in a single gene. Blum, Biology (1994) at 303.

God is Creator Thus, an intron is a word that is not intended to be expressed inside of all genes. And they are very frequent. What is their purpose? To snarl gene fusion! Why?

God is Creator For unless gene fusion occurs, an intron is removed by the RNA reader during duplication. Messenger RNA picks up introns and copies them along with all the expressed parts (exons), but then goes back and deletes the introns. “Gene splicing, ” “Intron, ” A Concise Dictionary of Biology (1989) at 104, 130.

God is Creator The intron’s only function is to abort gene fusion. For its unexpressed portion becomes expressed if it is inside a fused gene, because the RNA reader does not expect it there and does not delete it on its final pass. Birky says, “genes with introns are problems because if one looks for ORF codes [start and stop signals], one often finds a termination codon inside the intron. ” Birky, Genetics (1993) (internet, Ohio State), section

God is Creator The intron problem for gene fusion is evident in the similar process whereby bacteria is used to duplicate human DNA. Bacteria’s reader lacks knowledge of where introns exist, and thus cannot excise them, just like when a fused gene appears where it does not belong in human DNA. So how is the intron problem solved in genetics? “The human DNA used in these processes must also be free of introns since bacterial cells do not have the machinery to remove the intervening sequences from the transcribed message. ” Blum et.

God is Creator Thus, gene fusion cannot survive naturally, and will send a termination signal when the introns are reviewed. In nature, there is no mechanism similar to the lab technician’s hand that can remove the introns so fused. And because they are spread throughout genes, and have no expression unless they appear in a fused gene, they serve one purpose only: to snarl gene fusion. Hence, partial gene fusion cannot succeed in creating DNA that can replicate. So it follows that entire chromosome fusion, which has never been observed is equally impossible. Perhaps that is why the latter has never been observed. And unless it is possible, human evolution or even insect

God is Creator Thus, humans did not evolve from apes. We have 23 chromosomes and apes have 24. For humans to have evolved from apes, there must be a way for chromosome fusion to occur. However, science proves that chromosome re-arrangements can have no role in evolution because all life, from bacteria to man, have coded into DNA the same quality of preventing fusion. It can only occur if a quite specific removal is made of the start and stop signal in a gene, and then all the introns are removed which RNA cannot do when fusion occurs. To believe in this by accident, you have to ignore science. Then if you assume all this can happen, then the odds any two apes with this defect ever had a chance to procreate, in a

God is Creator: Closing Close Scientists increasingly are forced to reveal all the amazing things about life. As they do this, they attribute to the plant or the animal or the thing examined amazing properties. Why can archeologists alone find amazing artifacts that reveal intelligent origins, such as painting, arrows, math, and skilled construction, and they can give credit to its creators? When it comes to life or the universe, scientists are deluded that an inference to intelligent origins can not be scientific. Instead, it is forensic science at its best. And it puts credit where credit is due. As Hebrews 3: 3 -4 says “a person who builds a house deserves more praise than the house itself. For every