Goals of Archaeology Archaeology Important Terms Focuses on

Goals of Archaeology

Archaeology: Important Terms • Focuses on ________________ _ __________ • Sites: Precise _____

Archaeology: Important Terms

Archaeology: Important Terms • Features: ______________ • Artifacts: ______________ • Ethnoarchaeology ________________ Example: modern-day foragers

Archaeology & Cultural Anthropology • ____________ Learn about individual cultures Compare & contrast Form a broad understanding of _______ • Archaeology 1. 2.

Goals of Archaeology • Overall goal: _____________ • Achieved through: 1. 2. 3.

Discovery & Description • _______ • Includes _____ located & investigated _______ described & classified ______ chronologies formulated ________________

Explanation • Seek to ______ explanations based _____________ results • ‘Understanding are. ’ why things are the way they

Understanding Human Behavior Contribute to ________ • _____________ Subsistence strategies How is this achieved? • ________ Cultural & social change Use of technology

Branches of Archaeology • Based on time period and/or geographical area • Divisions: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Archaeological Record

Learning Objectives 1. Understand how archaeologists gather information about past cultures. 2. Understand how the archaeological process works, and the ways archaeologists use science to explore how people lived in the past. 3. Describe how studies of material culture can serve as a form of data to improve knowledge about human behavioral variability in past and contemporary societies

Doing Archaeology • Locating Sites • Excavation • Dating Techniques • Artifact Analysis • Site & Regional Synthesis

Survey • ___________ __ Possible location of site Ground, aerial, GPR, GIS

Excavation • ____________ Removal of soil deposits and other materials

Interpreting the Past • _____________ Ecological niches Can the environment influence population size? How so? • ____________ Bands, Tribes, Chiefdoms, & States

Interpreting the Past Subsistence Strategies Food Collectors Foragers _____ Food Producers Pastoralists Horticulturists & Agriculturists ______

Interpreting the Past • Human societies Remember Morgan, Radcliffe-Brown, Malinowski, Boas…. • After WWII Archaeological & ethnographic information Considered: 1. 2.

Interpreting the Past: Social Organization Bands: ________

Interpreting the Past: Social Organization Tribes: _______

Interpreting the Past: Social Organization • Chiefdoms: • States: stratified society, defined territory, governmental institutions Empires:

Interpreting the Past: What are Material Remains?

Interpreting the Past: What are Material Remains? • Artifact Any movable object that has been ________________ ___ • Stone, bone, metal tools; beads & other ornaments, pottery, artwork, religious & sacred items

Interpreting the Past: What are Material Remains? • Ecofact Artifacts that __________ • ____________

Interpreting the Past: What are Material Remains? • Midden ________________ Consists of sediment • Food remains & discarded artifacts

Interpreting the Past: What are Material Remains? • Feature ___________ • Hearths, • Reveal pits, or house floors information _______

Interpreting the Past: Importance of Context • An artifact’s context _________where it was found How it relates to other artifacts around it • Why 1. 2. is context important?