Goal 4 cont and Goal 5 Also this

Goal 4 con’t and Goal 5 Also this includes some information about the scientific method

4. 05 Animal Behavior 1. 2. 3. Innate Behavior Learned Behavior Social Behavior

Innate Behavior 1. Taxis – animal moves toward or away from a stimulus Ex. Insect moving toward or away from light

Innate Behavior Positive Light Taxis

Innate Behavior Instinct – Behavior an animal is born with Ex: suckling 2.

Innate Behavior Migration Purpose? ? 3. Food (major) Temperature (minor)

Innate Behavior 4. Estivation – dormancy during periods of extreme heat or drought Purpose? ? ? conserve resources during extreme conditions Common in frogs

Innate Behavior Hibernation – dormant (sleep-like state) in winter Purpose? ? ? Survive winters when there is little available food.

Learned Behavior Habituation - an animal becomes accustomed to a stimulus through prolonged and regular exposure Ex: You live next to the train track and you don’t even “hear” the train any more.

Learned Behavior - Imprinting n n n Learning based on early experience Once occurred, cannot be changed Keeps young animals close to mother who protects and feeds them

Learned Behavior Classical Conditioning – teaching a response to a new stimulus Ex: Pavlov’s Dogs

Learned Behavior Trial and Error – learning through positive (food, praise) and negative (punishment) reinforcement

Social Behavior Communication in social insects using pheromones.

Social Behavior Courtship Dances Albatross Japanese Cranes

Purpose of Mating Rituals? n n Enables animals to identify healthy, reproductively fit mates of the same species Courtship rituals are species specific Ruffed Grouse

Social Behavior Territorial Defense – Conserves resources Protects organisms from getting hurt by fighting Fish

Bighorn Sheep Mocking bird “mobbing” an American Kestrel

Goal 5 Ecology

5. 01 Interrelationships Symbiosis – relationship between two organisms mutualism commensalism parasitism

Mutualism Both organisms benefit. Ex: E. coli in your intestines Acacia tree and ants Ants and aphids

Commensalism One organism benefits, the other is neither helped nor harmed. Ex: orchids on a tree Barnacles on a whale Mites on our eyelashes

Parasitism One organism is harmed (the host) and the other one benefits. Tapeworm, athlete’s foot, fleas, ticks Does a parasite want to kill it’s host?

Predator/Prey Relationships

Field Ecology Techniques Different techniques are used to determine species diversity in a given area and over time. Fencing to exclude rabbits to measure seedling recruitment after fire

Field Ecology Techniques Diver using a quadrant to measure organisms on the sea floor.

Biotic and Abiotic Factors n n Biotic Factors – Living or once living components of an ecosystem. (plants and animals) Abiotic Factors- Nonliving things which influence an ecosystem(water, rocks, soil, sunlight, air, salt, wind)

Carrying Capacity The number of organisms an ecosystem can support in a healthy manner. Limiting factor – Something in the environment that limits the growth of an organism. Ex: light might be a limiting factor in the growth of a plant

Limiting factors influence carrying capacity. Ex: food availability competition harsh winter

Population Growth Graph

5. 02 Energy Flow and Cycling Carbon Cycle

Food Chains Linear representation of the flow of energy through an ecocsystem.

Food Webs Many food chains Interconnected. Each organism has a trophic level. Ex: producer, 1 st order consumer, 2 nd order consumer, etc.

Energy Pyramid n n n Geometric representation of a food pyramid. Purpose of the pyramid shape?

Pyramid of Energy 10% Rule only 10% of the energy from one trophic level moves up to the next trophic level. Where does the energy go? Heat, activity, energy still in urine and feces

Energy Pyramid Suppose the trees are providing 10, 000 calories to the giraffes. How much energy will be passed up to the lions?

5. 03 Human Population

Human Population n n What is exponential growth? What factors have influenced human birth rates and death rates over time?

Human Population What effect is population size having on the food supply? On the water supply? On our natural resources?

Carrying Capacity of Earth What effect is our increasing demand for wood and food doing to the ecosystem? Have we reached our carrying capacity? Exceeded it? Clear cut forest in Malaysia

Acid Rain Acid rain destruction - Central Europe

Habitat Destruction Loss of Habitat = Loss of species, degradation of the environment. Clear cutting in Oregon

Non-native Species Also called exotic species. Fire ants came to the U. S. on a container ship in Mobile, Alabama in the 1980’s.

Non-Native Species Kudzu – brought to the U. S. to control erosion. The only animal that will eat it, is the goat. Why are exotics a problem?

Climate Change Greenhouse Effect, also called Global Warming

Climate Change Causes? Human: burning fossil fuels and wood, putting CO 2 and methane into the atmosphere Natural: volcanoes Effects? n Polar ice caps melting n Sea level rising n More frequent and violent storms n Tropical diseases moving into temperate areas n Loss of habitat (ex: coral reefs)

Deforestation Clear cutting for wood, agricultural uses, building roads, housing developments, mining Result: loss of habitats, loss of species, erosion, siltation of rivers, loss of buffer zones Siltation of The Kouiloo River, Congo

Bioaccumulation The accumulation of a harmful substance as it moves through the food chain. Ex: DDT (pesticide) and heavy metals (lead and mercury)

Stewardship To take care of the earth in a healthy way.

Sustainable Development Is a way of using natural resources without depleting them and of providing for human needs without causing long-term environmental harm. California Vineyard reducing pesticide use.

Sustainable Development n Offshore aquaculture to reduce the pressure on wild fish populations. n Provide energy without producing pollution.

Scientific Method - review Hypothesis Data Variable (dependent and independent) Conclusion Control Theory Law Inferences vs. Observations