GNSS Global Navigation Satellite Systems http www elic

GNSS: Global Navigation Satellite Systems http: //www. elic. ucl. ac. be/modx/elic/ind 4

หลกการคำนวณคาพกดของ ใช Trilateration GN http: //www. montana. edu/gps/u nderstd. html A B C GNSS วดระยะทางไดอยาง 0 http: //www. weethet. nl/english/gps_h 5

วงโคจรดาวเทย ม GNSS Multi-GNSS http: //science. nasa. gov/i. Sat/? gr oup=gps-ops เวบแสดง ดาวเทยม แบบ interactive https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Galileo_%28 sat 11

Positive Train Control (PTC) GPS-based safety technology capable of preventing - train-to-train collisions, - over-speed derailments, - unauthorized incursion into work zones - train movement through switches left in the wrong position https: //roustaboutextra. wor dpress. com/ PTC monitors and, if necessary, controls train movement in the event of human error. PTC may also bring trains to a safe stop in the event of a natural disaster. 21

PTC Architecture Video clip http: //www. metrolinktrains. com/agency 22

Chatsworth train collision (Sept. 12, 2008) Train engineer operating a Metrolink train failed to stop at a red signal, causing a collision with a Union Pacific freight train. In this tragic incident, 25 lives were lost and another 135 people were injured. 23

Further Reading An introduction to positive train control 1. http: //www. metrolinktrains. com/agency/page/title/ptc 2. https: //www. aar. org/policy/positive-train-control 3. https: //www. fra. dot. gov/Page/P 0152 4. https: //www. fra. dot. gov/Page/P 0621 5. http: //www. insidegnss. com/node/4715 6. http: //www. planetizen. com/node/81817/railroads-given-three-moreyears-install-positive-train-control 7. http: //www. americanchemistry. com/Policy/Rail-Transportation/Positive. Train-Control-PTC 8. https: //roustaboutextra. wordpress. com/ Railroad classes 1. https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Railroad_classes#Class_I 24

ขอบคณ www. atlanteanconspiracy. com/2015/05/architects- 25

Backup 26

Surface Transportation Board using the Railroad Freight Price Index developed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Freight railroads classes defined by annual carrier operating revenues (2011) Class 1 : revenues >= $433. 2 millions Class 2: $37. 4 million < revenues < $433. 2 Class 3: revenues < $37. 4 million 27

In September 2008, Congress considered a new rail safety law that set a deadline of December 15, 2015, for implementation of PTC technology across most of the U. S. rail network. any poisonous-inhalation-hazardous (PIH) materials; and, any railroad main lines over which regularly scheduled intercity passenger or commuter rail services are provided In October 2015 Congress passed a bill extending the compliance deadline by three years, to December 31, 2018. The new law also allows up to two additional years to finalize full implementation and testing of PTC provided the railroads meet specific benchmarks. 28

PTC sends up-to-date visual and audible information to train crew members about areas where the train needs to be slowed or stopped. This information includes the status of approaching signals, the position of approaching switches, speed limits at approaching curves and other reduced-speed locations, speed restrictions at approaching crossings and speed restrictions at areas where work is being performed on or near the tracks. PTC communicates with the train’s onboard computer, allowing it to audibly warn the engineer and display the train’s safe braking distance based on the train’s speed, length, width, weight, and the grade and curvature of the track. If the engineer does not respond to the ample audible warning and screen display, the onboard computer will activate the brakes and safely stop the train. 29

Rail cars http: //www. railway-technology. com/contractors/track/ensco-inc/ 32