GLYCOLYSIS AND OTHER PATHWAYS EMP PATHWAY ANOTHER NAME

GLYCOLYSIS AND OTHER PATHWAYS EMP PATHWAY— ANOTHER NAME FOR GLYCOLYSIS

GLYCOLYSIS n n n A UNIVERSAL PATHWAY YIELDS 2 ATPS [NET] THROUGH SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION OCCURS IN CYTOSOL ANAEROBIC n n n GLUCOSE + ATP IN THE PRESCENCE OF GLUCOKINASE= GLUCOSE-6 PHOSPHATE FRUCTOSE-6 PHOSPHATE +ATP= FRUCTOSE 1, 6 DIPHOSPATE 2 PGAL- - ->2 PEP 2 PYRUVIC ACID MOLECULES

FATE OF PYRUVIC ACID n n n UNDER ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS IT IS FERMENTED IN HUMANS IT BECOMES LACTIC ACID IN YEAST IT BECOMES ETOH + CO 2

TRANSITION REACTION AN AEROBIC REACTION n CO ENZYME A [CO A] PUTS ONE CARBON ON TO O 2 TO FORM CO 2, PICKS UP 2 CARBONS FROM PYRUVIC ACID AND BECOMES ACETYLCO ENZYME A [ACETYL CO A] WHICH CARRIES THE CARBONS WITH THE H AND ELECTRONS ATTACHED INTO THE MITOCHONDRIA INTO THE KREB’S CYCLE

NAD n n NAD—NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE—A COENZYME-A CARRIER COMPOUND WHICH PICKS UP H+ AND ELECTRONS AND CARRIES THEM INTO THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM WHERE 3 ATP MOLECULES WILL BE FORMED NIACIN – a “B VITAMIN” THAT IS NECESSARY FOR NAD TO FUNCTION and FORM

FAD n n FAD—FLAVINE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE — A COENZYME A CARRIER COMPOUND WHICH CARRIES H+ AND ELECTRONS INTO THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM YIELDING 2 ATP MOLECULES RIBOFLAVIN-A “B VITAMIN” WHICH MUST BE PRESENT FOR FAD TO FUNCTION and FORM

KREB’S CYCLE AN AEROBIC REACTION n n n TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE AND CITRIC ACID CYCLE [OTHER NAMES] OCCURS IN THE MATRIX OF THE MITOCHONDRION 3 IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS n n n CITRIC ACID [6 C] ALPHA-KETOGLUTARIC ACID [5 C] OXALOACETIC ACID [4 C]

KREB’S CYCLE CONTINUED n n n FOR EACH TURN OF THE CYCLE THERE ARE 3 NADHs FORMED 1 FADH 2 FORMED 2 CO 2 FORMED 1 ATP HEAT

ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM AN AEROBIC REACTION n n n CYTACHROME SYSTEM RESPIRATORY CHAIN COMPOSED OF A SERIES OF OXIDATIONREDUCTION REACTIONS [Re. Dox] n FINAL PHASE OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION IN WHICH NADH AND FADH 2 ARE OXIDIZED WITH THEIR ELECTRONS BEING PASSED ALONG THE CHAIN

ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM CONTINUED n IF NADH BRINGS THE ELECTRONS AND HYDROGENS INTO THE SYSTEM THEN 3 ATP MOLECULES WILL BE MADE USING THE ATPSYNTHASE MOLECULE [CF 1 OR F 1 PARTICLE] n n WHEN FADH 2 BRINGS THE H+ AND ELECTRONS THEN ONLY 2 ATP MOLECULES ARE MADE THE LAST 2 COMPOUNDS, CYTACHROME A AND CYTOACHROME A 3 ACT AS THE ENZYME CYTACHROME OXIDASE —THEY PLACE ELECTRONS AND 2 HYDROGENS ON TO OXYGEN TO FORM THE WASTE PRODUCT WATER

WASTE PRODUCTS n ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM n n WATER [H 2 O] KREB’S CYCLE OR CITRIC ACID CYCLE OR TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE n CARBON DIOXIDE [CO 2]

FATTY ACIDS AND AMINO ACIDS ENTERING THE KREB’S CYCLE n n n FATTY ACIDS DISSOLVE THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE UNDERGO BETAOXIDATION FORM INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS WHICH CAN LEAVE THE CELL AND LOWER THE p. H n Keto acids =Acetone, acetoacetic acid, n n n AMINO ACIDS ENTER BY PINOCYTOSIS ARE DEAMINATED n NH 2 REMOVED AND CHANGED TO UREA n FORM THE SAME INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS AS FATTY ACIDS DO n BOTH FATTY ACIDS AND AMINO ACIDS CAN ENTER THE KREB’S CYCLE THROUGH ACETYL CO A

SUMMARY 1 n n GLYCOLYSISOCCURS IN CYTOPLASM TRANSITION REACTIONSTARTS IN CYTOPLASM ENDS IN THE MITOCHONDRION n n KREB’S CYCLE OCCURS IN THE MATRIX OF THE MITOCHONDRION ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM OCCURS ON THE CRISTAE OF THE MITOCHONDRION

SUMMARY 2 n GLYCOLYSIS n n n — 2 ATPS NO OXYGEN USED TRANSITION REACTION [T R]— n IF OXYGEN USED 2 CARBONS GO INTO THE KREB’S CYCLE n n n T R CONTINUED AND NAD OR FAD CARRY Electrons AND HYDROGEN INTO THE ETS IF NO OXYGEN USED FERMENTATION OCCURS

SUMMARY 3 n KREB’S CYCLE [CITRIC ACID CYCLE] n n n A 2 -CARBON CPD IS ATTACHED TO A 4 -CARBON CPD TO FORM CITRIC ACID 3 TURNS TO MAKE 1 PGAL [A 3 CARBON CPD] OXYGEN IS USED ATP IS MADE CO 2 IS A WASTE PRODUCT

SUMMARY 4 n ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM [OCCURS ON THE CRISTAE] n n A SERIES OF OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS [GIVING UP ELECTRONS AND TAKING ON ELECTRONS. ] IF NAD CARRIES THE ELECTRONS THEN 3 ATPS ARE MADE IF FAD CARRIES THE ELECTRONS ONLY 2 ATPS ARE MADE THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR IS OXYGEN WHICH THEN COMBINES WITH 2 HYDROGENS TO MAKE WATER [H 2 O]