Glucose rises eat food Normal blood glucose level
Glucose rises (eat food) Normal blood glucose level Glucose falls (exercise) Insulin produced by the pancreas causes glucose to change to glycogen Glucagon released and glycogen converted back to glucose Temperature Monitored by thermoregulatory centre in brain and receptors in skin. Too Hot -hair lies flat -blood vessels dilate so heat lost through skin -sweat produced Too Cold -goosebumps & hairs trap air -blood vessels constrict -no sweat -shiver, respiration releases heat Normal blood glucose level. Legal drugs need testing. Double blind trials, reduce bias. Placebos (substances that looks like the drug being tested). Food groups - Carbohydrates; used for energy - Fibre; aids digestions and keeps intestines healthy - Protein; for growth and repair - Fats; For insulation, buoyancy and water proofing - Water; for hydration - Vitamins and minerals; involved in chemical reactions and metabolic processes Drugs Illegal- not prescribed e. g. steroids, cocaine, cannabis. Cannabis- can cause psychosis. Basal metabolic rate; the total sum of al metabolic processes in the body. - Generally higher in men than women - Higher in teenagers than adults - Increases as you do more exercise Thalidomide First prescribed as a sleeping pill. It was prescribed to pregnant women but had not been tested. It results in deformities in the limbs of the developing foetuses. Pyramids of Biomass Controlling Blood Sugar Controlled by the pancreas, diabetics do not produce enough insulin Treatments Injections or monitoring diet Show amount of material at each stage Owls Blackbirds Caterpillars Oak tree Pyramids of numbers show the number of organisms at each level not always a pyramid shape Always a pyramid shape as… -some is used for respiration to move/grow -some is lost as heat -some material is not digested -some is lost as faeces
Keywords: Adaptation, Nucleus, Chromosomes, Gene, Clone, Tissue Culture, Embryo Cloning Leaves reduced to spines, to reduce water loss and for protection. Thick glossy cuticle, to reduce water loss. Large, swollen stem (small SA: V) to reduce water loss and to store Extensive shallow network of roots, to absorb any water . Sexual Reproduction Involves joining of sex cells (gametes). This is fertilisation Animals-sperm and egg Offspring show variation A cell nucleus contains 46 Chromosomes, which carry genes. Adaptations To Cold Environment -small surface/area: volume ratio -thick fur -layer of fat as insulation -wide paws to avoid sinking Cloning Techniques -Plants Taking Cuttings 2) Tissue culture Animals Plants Food Light Water Space All genetic material from one parent so offspring are identical (clones) Mates Nutrients No variation. Clone=genetically identical individual. 1) Offspring Competition Cloning Techniques -Animals Clone=genetically identical individual. 1) Parent Plants-pollen and ovules Adaptations To Hot Environment -camouflage Asexual Reproduction Embryo Cloning-a developing embryo is removed from an animal and the cells split apart. The cells are grown for a while before being implanted into separate host mothers No joining of gametes 2) Fusion Cell Cloning (reproductive cloning) - a nucleus is removed from an egg cell and replaced with a nucleus from another animals body cell. Egg Embryo Cells split apart and implanted into separate host mothers. Keywords: Darwin, Evolution, Natural Selection, Mutation, Sulphur Dioxide, Carbon Dioxide, Extinction, Genetic Engineering
Deforestation Stops trees removing CO 2 so adding to problem Genetic Engineering This involves transferring genes between organisms. E. g. bacteria can be genetically modified to produce the human hormone insulin Acid Rain Caused by release of sulphur dioxide (SO 2) and nitrogen oxides Greenhouse Effect More energy trapped Suns heat Some energy radiated away Pollution Indicators -Lichens for air pollution -Invertebrates for water pollution Natural Selection-Darwin came up with this theory to explain evolution 1) Each species shows 2) There is competition within variation: each species for food, living space, water, mates etc 3) The “better adapted” members of these species are more likely to survive – “Survival of the Fittest” Yum Gutted! 4) These survivors will pass on their better genes to their offspring who will also show this beneficial variation. d ke c Ba Up By 1)Fossils-show organisms have changed over time or that some have become extinct 2)Horse-fossils show it evolved from small swamp dwelling animals to what it is today Not accepted -No one knew how we could as inherit features (he did not know about genes) -Contradicted bible Alternative Mutations-changes in DNA can cause a beneficial change which will be passed onto offspring Lamarck Claimed organisms changed over the course of their lifetime and pass on these features to offspring. E. g. a giraffe would stretch its neck and pass on this feature to its offspring. Increased CO 2 and methane Human Population Growth Very rapid -more waste -more pollution -natural resources being used up -land taken up for human activity Sustainable living-meeting our needs without harming destroying Earth for future generations Extinctions Caused by -new diseases -new predators -new competitors -environmental changes e. g. climate
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