Glucagon recombinant Drugbank ID DB 00040 Protein chemical

Glucagon recombinant Drugbank ID : DB 00040 Protein chemical formula: C 165 H 249 N 49 O 51 S 1 Protein average weight : 3767. 1000

Description : 29 residue peptide hormone. Glucagon is synthesized in a special non- pathogenic laboratory strain of Escherichia coli bacteria that has been genetically altered by the addition of the gene for glucagons Indication : For treatment of severe hypoglycemia, also used in gastrointestinal imaging Pharmacodynamics : Used in the treatment of hypoglycemia and in gastric imaging, glucagon increases blood glucose concentration and is used in the treatment of hypoglycemia. Glucagon acts only on liver glycogen, converting it to glucose through the release of insulin. It also relaxes the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.

Mechanism of action : Glucagon binds the glucagon receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor located in the plasma membrane, which then initiates a dual signaling pathway using both adenylate cyclase activation and increased intracellular calcium. Adenylate cyclase manufactures c. AMP (cyclic AMP), which activates protein kinase A (c. AMPdependent protein kinase). This enzyme, in turn, activates phosphorylase kinase, which, in turn, phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase, converting into the active form called phosphorylase A. Phosphorylase A is the enzyme responsible for the release of glucose-1 -phosphate from glycogen polymers. This yields glucose molecules to be released into the blood. Glucagon receptors are found in the liver, kidney, brain and pancreatic islet cells. The glucagon mediated signals lead to an increase in insulin excretion

Volume of distribution : • 0. 25 L/kg Clearance : • 13. 5 m. L/min/kg [Adults with IV 1 mg] Targets : Glucagon receptor, Glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor, Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor Affected organisms : Humans and other mammals.

Categories : Hypoglycemic Agents Sequence : HSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNT

Brands : Gluca. Gen Company : Novo Nordisk Description : Gluca. Gen (glucagon [r. DNA origin] for injection) is an antihypoglycemic agent and a gastrointestinal motility inhibitor. It is produced by expression of recombinant DNA in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae vector with subsequent purification. The chemical structure of the glucagon in Gluca. Gen is identical to human glucagon and to glucagon extracted from beef and pork pancreas. Glucagon with the empirical formula of C 153 H 225 N 43 O 49 S, and a molecular weight of 3483, is a single-chain polypeptide containing 29 amino acid residues. Used for/Prescribed for : Gluca. Gen is used to treat severe hypoglycemic (low blood sugar) reactions which may occur in patients with diabetes mellitus treated with insulin. It is also used as a diagniostic aid. Gluca. Gen is indicated for use during radiologic examinations to temporarily inhibit movement of the gastrointestinal tract. Glucagon is as effective for this examination as are the anticholinergic drugs. Formulation : The reconstituted solution contains glucagon as hydrochloride 1 mg/m. L (1 unit/m. L) and lactose monohydrate (107 mg). Gluca. Gen is supplied at p. H 2. 5 -3. 5 and is soluble in water. Form : sterile, lyophilized white powder

Route of administration : subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous injection Dosage : Inject 1 m. L (adults and children, weighing more than 55 lbs (25 kg)) or 0. 5 m. L (children weighing less than 55 lbs (25 kg)) subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intravenously. If the weight is not known: children younger than 6 years should be given a 0. 5 m. L and children 6 years and older should be given 1 m. L. Contraindication : Hypersensitivity, Pheochromocytoma, Insulinoma Side effects : Severe side effects are very rare, although nausea and vomiting may occur occasionally especially with doses above 1 mg or with rapid injection (less than 1 minute). You may also have rapid heart beat for a short while. Side effects indicating toxicity of Gluca. Gen® have not been reported. A few people may be allergic to Gluca. Gen®. Drug interaction : A total of 31 drugs (94 brand generic names) are known to interact with Gluca. Gen (glucagon) among which 1 moderate drug interactions (5 brand generic names)and 30 minor drug interactions (89 brand generic names).

General references : # White CM: A review of potential cardiovascular uses of intravenous glucagon administration. J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 May; 39(5): 442 -7. "Pubmed": http: //www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/10234590

References : http: //www. novonordisk. co. in/documents/article_page/document/Glucagen. asp http: //www. drugs. com/pro/glucagen. html http: //www. rxlist. com/glucagen-drug. htm