Globalisering och utveckling Karlstad Universitet HT 2010 F

Globalisering och utveckling Karlstad Universitet, HT 2010 F 4: Modern handelsteori Per-Åke Andersson 031 -786 1353 per-ake. andersson@economics. gu. se www. handels. gu. se

Modern handelsteori • Viktiga nyckelbegrepp är: 1. Inombranschhandel 2. Differentierade produkter och olika preferenser 3. Produktcykelteorin 4. Stordriftsfördelar 5. Monopolistisk konkurrens 6. Outsourcing www. gu. se

DEFINING INTRAINDUSTRY TRADE • The intraindustry trade index is Where for a particular industry or product group X = the value of exports M = the value of imports Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5– 3

DEFINING INTRAINDUSTRY TRADE Table 5. 1 Intraindustry Trade Examples: Selected U. S. Exports and Imports, 2006 ($ Millions) Category Exports Imports Calculated Index of IIT Telecommunications Equipment 28, 322 40, 250 0. 826 Plastic Material 25, 125 13, 453 0. 697 Cookware 872 6, 352 0. 241 Pulpwood 5, 908 3, 189 0. 701 13, 941 16, 373 0. 920 567 216, 627 0. 005 Electronic Apparatus 29, 804 33, 556 0. 941 Semiconductors 52, 430 27, 375 0. 686 Machine Tools 9, 498 9, 572 0. 996 Furniture 3, 220 24, 626 0. 231 Excavating Machinery 9, 871 10, 358 0. 976 Farm Machinery 5, 312 6, 794 0. 878 Business Machines & Equipment 2, 702 8, 717 0. 473 Medical Equipment 22, 708 23, 241 0. 998 Computers 11, 470 33, 771 0. 507 Civilian Aircraft 40, 832 10, 607 0. 412 Finished Metal Shapes Crude Oil Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5– 4

INTRAINDUSTRY TRADE IN DIFFERENTIATED PRODUCTS • Most intraindustry trade is in differentiated goods • These goods have features that make them appear different from competing goods in the same market or industry • Goods can be differentiated in two ways • Horizontally differentiated goods differ in • some slight way but are similarly priced Vertically differentiated goods have different physical characteristics and different prices Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5– 5

INTRAINDUSTRY TRADE IN DIFFERENTIATED PRODUCTS Figure 5. 1 Equilibrium with Monopolistic Competition Price PM M MC AC D MR QM Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Output 5– 6

INTRAINDUSTRY TRADE IN DIFFERENTIATED PRODUCTS Figure 5. 2 Economies of Scale as a Basis for Trade Average Cost A AC 0 B AC 1 0 50, 000 C 200, 000 250, 000 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall AC Number of Cars 5– 7

Produktcykelteorin • Produktionscykelteorin (Vernon, 1966) –’Alternativ’ till H-O –teknologi ej samma i olika länder –Betoning på innovationer och nya produkter (tex bilar). • För länder med höga inkomster www. gu. se

INTRAINDUSTRY TRADE IN DIFFERENTIATED PRODUCTS Figure 5. 4 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 The Product Cycle U. S. Production Imports Exports Consumption New Product Maturing Product Standardized Product Stages of Product Development Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5– 9

Externa Stordriftsfördelar –Externa stordriftsfördelar: Styckkostnaden i individuella företag faller när branschens eller industrisektorns output ökar. Ju fler företag i industrin desto lägre kostnad. Regional koncentration av produktionen. Industrikluster. lägre faktorpriser på specifika produktionsfaktorer • bättre information och kunskap • ökat utbud av specialiserad och utbildad arbetskraft • bättre tillgång till konsultföretag och inputs www. gu. se

THE WELFARE IMPLICATION OF INTRAINDUSTRY TRADE Figure 5. 5 Types of Intraindustry Trade and Associated Processes Intraindustry Trade Homogeneous Products Same Price Identical Products (Wheat, Concrete, Petroleum) Horizontally Differentiated Products Vertically Differentiated Products Similar Prices Slightly Different Product Characteristics (Gasoline, Chocolate, Perfume) Varying Prices Widely Different Product Characteristics (Automobiles, Watches) Associated Processes Reduction of Transportation Costs Provision of Homogeneous Services (Insurance, Shipping, Finance Associated with International Trade Economies of Scale Product Cycle Overlapping Demands Provision of Uninterrupted Flow of Seasonal Products (Tomatoes) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5 – 11

Sammanfattning, ”modern” handelsteori • Handel kan uppstå till följd av tilltagande skalavkastning • Stordriftsfördelar kan vara interna eller externa • Förekomsten av stordriftsfördelar leder till att det inte längre råder fullkomlig konkurrens • Handel i närvaro av skalfördelar måste därför analyseras i modeller med monopolistisk konkurrens, snarare än fullkomlig konkurrens är antagande i de ”traditionella” handelsteorierna. www. gu. se