Global Trade Truly global Americas Columbian Exchange Indian

Global Trade Truly global – Americas Columbian Exchange Indian, Atlantic, Pacific Oceans Atlantic Slave Trade Mercantilism Cultural and Intellectual Developments Renaissance Scientific Revolution Enlightenment Humanism Exploration Neo-Confucianism Sailing technology Printing press Gunpowder developments Mining Absolutism Centralized government, bureaucracy, divine right EX: Hongwu, Tokugawa, Sultans, Mughal (Akbar), King Louis XIV, Osei Tutu (Asantehene) Rise of Europe Portugal and Spain led the way Northern Europe looks outward Search for new trade routes The Big Picture 1450 -1750 Gold, God, Glory Colonization of Latin America Protestant Reformation/Counter Reformation Coercive Labor Slavery Serfdom Consumerism Sugar, Silver, Slaves Mita System

Chinese Timeline Do Now: Create a timeline on your handout of major events in Chinese history 1. Kublai Khan, a Mongol, establishes the Yuan dynasty (1271 AD) 2. Shang dynasty established – oracle bones used (1766 BC) 3. Han Dynasty adopts Confucianism (206 BC) 4. China Experiences a Golden Age – Song Dynasty (907 AD) 5. China develops a feudal system during the Zhou dynasty (1122 BC) 6. The Qin dynasty adopts Legalism (221 BC) 7. The Ming dynasty restores Chinese rule in China (1368 AD) 8. Han Dynasty collapses (220 AD)

Recovery and Repair The New Ming Dynasty looked to its past to enhance its future! Zhu Yuanzhang • Focus on strong Centralized Government – Recovered Order • Reintroduced Confucian Bureaucracy, Civil Service Exam • Erased all signs of Mongol rule • Abolished Chief Minister position – Emperor had Absolute Power! Reading: What reforms did Hongwu make to root out corruption?

Major Events in Chinese History Timel 1766 BC Shang Dynasty established 221 BC Qin Dynasty adopts Legalism 220 AD Han Dynasty collapses 1368 Ming Dynasty 907 Restores Chinese Rule Song Dynasty Golden Age 0 1122 BC Feudalism under Zhou 206 BC Han Dynasty Adopts Confucianism 618 AD Tang Dynasty unites China 1271 Mongols Establish Yuan Dynasty

Ming Dynasty China Period 4: 14501750 • Recovery and Repair 13681644 • Emperor Hongwu looked to past Confucianism to bring order • Emperor Yongle rebuilt Great Wall and Grand Canal to continue power of the dynasty • Zheng He went on 7 voyages to gain respect • Reconnaissance for an and Empire tribute for Ming China • Rebuilding of a Dynasty Major Changes Continuities • Focus on sea-based Indian Ocean trade rather than land-based Silk Road • Creation of northern capital (Beijing) and Forbidden City • Building of massive naval fleet and arrival of European merchants • Use of of Confucianism and. Jesuit mandate of heaven, collection of Arrival Christianity by missionaries tribute • Threats from nomads in the north • Role of Women as inferior (Confucianism) • Merchants having low status – land ownership = status

Ming Dynasty China 4501 : 4 d Perio 1750 13681644 and • Recovery Repair • Rebuilding of a Dynasty • Reconnaissance for an Empire The Reemergence of an Empire

End of the Yuan Dynasty Kublai Khan • Black Death Plague devastated China – 1340 s • Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty suffered defeats in Japan, Vietnam and Java. • Kublai Khan’s successors were weak. • Corruption, high taxes on peasants, forced labor, piracy and crime increased. China had a total population of more than 120 million, but a 1393 census only 65 million Chinese surviving. Some • Many groups emerged tofound challenge Mongol rule. of that missing population was killed by famine and upheaval in the transition from Yuan to Ming rule, but many millions died of bubonic plague.

Rediscovered their Identity! Emperor and Royal Family Scholar Gentry Class Peasant Farmers and Artisans Recovery and Repair • Re-established Confucian Patriarchal social structure – Neo-Confucianism • Established Confucian schools and exams to select officials • Block printing led to wider production of printed materials – Novels Merchants • Jesuit missionaries (Mateo Ricci) introduced European technology and beliefs. Reading: Describe the various roles of women in Ming society.

Recovery and Repair • Focus on agricultural foundation – Recovery of Population • Repaired canals, reservoirs and irrigation system, planted trees – Repaired Infrastructure • Efficient tax collection. Hongwu ordered surveys and censuses to collect data • Active traders in the Indian Ocean – ports of Hangzhou, Guangzhou • Major products were silk, cotton, fine porcelain • Traded for silver with Europe and Japan Recovered sense of stability!

Rebuilding of Dynasty Emperor Yongle Protection of the Dynasty • Rebuilt & added to Great Wall • Repaired the Grand Canal • Wrote “Yongle Encyclopedia” a Confucian manuscript

Rebuilding of Dynasty • Established a new capital city, Beijing, and built magnificent Imperial residence known as the Forbidden City • Government regulation of trade – production of porcelain

Reconnaissance and Building of an Empire • 1405 - Emperor Yongle commissioned the building of an enormous fleet for aggressive maritime expeditions. • Led by Zheng He, a Muslim Eunuch Purpose Admiral Zheng He • Explore trade opportunities in “Western Ocean” • Diplomacy – Opened relations with 200 new societies • Demonstrate strength, Power, Tribute System: – Collect tribute, gifts – Rituals of submission

Reconnaissance and Building of an Empire Zheng He and the Treasure Fleet

Zheng He and the Treasure Fleet The flagship of the fleet was a nine-masted vessel measuring 440 feet, carrying 1, 000 men. In comparison, Columbus’ St. Maria was

Reconnaissance and Building of an Empire Land travel not reliable after fall of Mongols Tap into Indian Ocean Basin Trade . Calicut it ra St of ca ac al M

End the Treasure Fleet Voyages? Close: Explain how the decision to destroy the Treasure Fleet was a major turning point in history! I. Politics – Arguments for ending voyages Eunuch A. Scholar-Gentry saw exploration as a _______ project B. Exploration was just one man’s interest (Emperor Yongle) not the push of an entire civilization. Costly C. Trips were extremely __________. Self-Sufficient and there D. Some Chinese believed China was already ________ was no need for exploration. E. Suspicious of outside trade – could cause instability and undermine authority – creates problems, not opportunity. F. Scholar-Gentry thought money and focus should be on protecting the Mongol invasions. northern border from _____

End the Treasure Fleet Voyages? II. Culture – Arguments for ending voyages land was primary form of wealth A. Scholar-Gentry believed ____ B. Farming was more noble than trading. Family Shrine 1. Merchants could not keep up a ________ 2. Merchants could not perform religious rituals for ancestors overseas 3. Merchants live off other people’s hard work – parasites C. Scholars thought that inferiors should seek superiors D. Neoconfucianism did not have ________ Missionary impulse of Christianity or Islam.

E. Role of Women – did not want women in market place 1. Strict role for women as homemakers Footbinding on elite women 2. Practiced _______

Fall of the Ming and Rise of the Qing Period 4: 14501750 After Zheng He died, the Treasure Fleets were dismantled and banned from being used. Government sponsored voyages ceased and all official records of Zheng He’s travels were destroyed! 16441911 The Ming Dynasty discontinued the Treasure Ship voyages mainly due to their Confucian ideals. However, despite the short term financial and military benefits, China’s absence in world trade would allow Western Europe to dominate the region in the long term.

Fall of the Ming and Rise of the Qing Period 4: 14501750 After Zheng He died, the Treasure Fleets were dismantled and banned from being used. Government sponsored voyages ceased and all official records of Zheng He’s travels were destroyed! 16441911 Why do you think the Chinese isolated themselves and discontinued the Treasure Fleet voyages? • • Beginning of Ming Isolation Ming heavily restricted foreign trade and travel Foreign merchants allowed to trade only at few ports, during certain times Sought to preserve Chinese traditions Policies impossible to enforce; smugglers carried out brisk trade with foreign merchants

Rise of the Qing rs Weak Rule led to increased corruption 16441911 Defense efforts costly, Led to high taxes Famines, hardships led to Peasant Revolts Qing hired Manchu warriors to put down peasant revolts By 1644, the Manchu swept into Beijing an d claimed the Mandate of Heaven – Qing Dynasty!

Dorgon’s Decree to the People of Peking (Beijing) Document Interpretation “We now occupy [the empire]. On behalf of your dynasty we took revenge upon the enemies of your ruler-father. We burned our bridges behind us, and we have pledged not to return until every bandit is destroyed. In the counties, districts, and locales that we pass through, all those who are able to shave their heads and surrender, opening their gates to welcome us, will be given rank and reward, retaining their wealth and honor for generations. But if there are those who disobediently resist us when our great armies arrive, then the stones themselves will be set ablaze and all will be massacred”. How will Dorgon and the Manchus rule China? Which words from the document support your findings? 1644 Top Source: The fall of the Imperial China. New York: The Free

The Qing Dynasty Qing Government As foreign invaders, the Manchus faced years of resistance from Chinese subjects still loyal to the Ming! • Qing bureaucracy and court ceremonies similar to Ming • Continued Confucian rituals and allowed Ming officials to keep their positions • Continued civil service exams and were generous patrons to the arts • Lowered taxes and state labor demands. • Repaired infrastructure – roads, bridges, dikes, canals, irrigation works

A Chinese Empire? • Expanded the Empire to include Tibet, Mongolia, Taiwan and Manchuria • Controlled Korea and Vietnam as Vassal tributary states. • Expansion was seen as a defensive necessity against nomadic invaders • Signed Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) that marked Chinese -Russian border

The Qing Dynasty “Lose your hair, or lose your head!” Qing Society • Manchus made up less than 2% of the population – Manchus prohibited from marrying Chinese • Men had to wear hair in traditional Manchu style called a queue – form of submission • Women remained confined to the household – footbinding and female infanticide was

The Reign of Emperor Kangxi 1661 -1722 • Strong and effective 61 year reign kept tensions low • Kangxi was a significant Confucian scholar • Patronized arts, opened Confucian schools and a national library encyclopedia and a dictionary of history and thought • Wanted to be benevolent Confucian ruler – lowered taxes, expanded empire • Tolerant of Christians and interested in foreign ideas and technology Could compare to Kublai Khan, Emperor Hongwu, and King Louis XIV

Ethnocentrism and Isolation leads to decline Port city of Macao 1724 – Emperor banned Christianity when the Pope condemned Confucianism • By 1750, Qing Dynasty was declining– corruption, crime and banditry – rising population • Emperor Qianlong continued Ming policy of isolation, restricting foreign trade – some merchants, compradors, became wealthy and influential • Manchu saw Chinese civilization, products, as superior, expected foreigners to trade

The Qing Dynasty Portrait of a scene from Famous Qing novel, The Dream of the Red Chamber, mid 1700 s • Brought Stability to China – peace and prosperity • Expanded borders and dominated • Great rule of Kangxi led to golden age • Continued policy of isolation and strict economic regulation

What were the major features of Chinese empire building in the early modern era? • Built vast territorial size and brought a number of non-Chinese people into the kingdom. • driven largely by security concerns • Conquered regions in central Eurasia were administered separately from the rest of China. • Made active use of local notables. • Did not seek to assimilate local people into Chinese culture and showed considerable respect for the Mongolian, Tibetan, and Muslim cultures of the region. •