Global Governance and Global Arctic Klaus Dodds Twitter

Global Governance and Global Arctic Klaus Dodds Twitter: @klausdodds Email: k. dodds@rhul. ac. uk

Global Governance u James Rosenau (1992) defined global governance as ‘an order that lacks a centralized authority with the capacity to enforce decisions on a global scale’ u Term ‘global governance’ acknowledges that this ‘order’ is not exclusively composed and dominated by nation-states u Post-Westphalian system of international relations and exclusive sovereignty over national territories u Post-sovereign governance (Karkkainen 2004) 2

What shapes global governance? Key Features • Global governance requires some kind of order and regularity • Systems of rules integral to global governance - formal and informal Examples • International regimes • Institutions • International law • Governance involves ‘steering’ and • Global norms there is a assemblage of states, markets and competent authorities • Private authority (e. g. codes • Authority might be derived via networks, hierarchies, markets 3 of conduct) • Markets

What do the Polar Regions tell us about global governance? Arctic Antarctic • Inhabited space with some 4 • Uninhabited continent million people living north of • No indigenous human the Arctic Circle population • Eight ‘Arctic states’ • Main activities science, • Indigenous peoples and settler populations tourism and fishing • Maritime Arctic attracting growing global interest • Governed by 1959 Antarctic Treaty and associated legal instruments • International waters • Ownership disputed 4

Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ) ABNJ The water column beyond the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) called the High Seas The deep seabed designated as "the Area” July 2017 UN begin discussions on biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ) but issue raised at Rio plus 20 conference in 2012 and earlier 5 BBNJ April 2018 UN conference on BBNJ SDG Goal 14 “Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development” Treaty expected in 2020 and will address deep seabed mining, genetic resources, capacity building and marine protected areas

ABNJ and BBNJ High Seas and World Oceans 6 BBNJ and Law of the Sea

Arctic Warming Arctic 7 Scrambling Arctic

Arctic governance Arctic Co-operation Arctic Council • Post-cold war development • Established in 1996 by eight of mechanisms for Arctic co. Arctic states led by Canada operation • Designed to be an inter • Arctic Environment governmental forum Protection Strategy (1991) • Recognized indigenous • Recognized the problem of ’pollution’ as something not respecting national boundaries 8 peoples as permanent participants • Non-hierarchical and postterritorial governance

Arctic governance 9

The Arctic Council 10

Multiple Arctic(s) 11

New Observers and the Arctic Council • Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong in his statement regarding Singapore on being granted observer status: • "I would like to thank the Arctic Council states for admitting Singapore as an observer. Singapore is not situated in the Arctic, but developments there - whether the melting of the ice cap or opening of new sea routes - will have important implications for Singapore as a low- lying island international seaport, " he said. "We look forward to contributing to the work of the Arctic Council. ” 12

Arctic: Opened, Opening • Impact of climate change/warming on Arctic ecosystem and communities includes: • Displacement of communities • Damage to infrastructure • Ecosystem impact e. g. alien species • Disease and pestilence • Food insecurity • Human health 13 • Disruption to traditional indigenous knowledge and practice

Climate change and displacement 14 • Shishmaref, Alaska • URL: https: //www. pmel. noaa. gov/arctic-zone/detect/humanshishmaref. shtml

Global Arctic 15

What does this mean for global governance? • Arctic and Antarctic recognized as on the CC frontline • But both regions facing resource extraction pressures – Antarctica (fishing), Arctic (fishing, mining, timber) - Mining banned in Antarctica at least until 2048 • China and Russia have been at the forefront of pushing for Antarctic resource exploitation • China speaks of ‘peaceful exploitation’ and aiming to expand scientific and infrastructural presence in Eastern Antarctica and push for more fish and krill exploitation • Asian states such as China, Singapore and South Korea working with Arctic states and indigenous peoples to develop trade, build port infrastructure, and resource exploitation • Antarctic and Arctic being networked to markets, transport and international regimes/law 16

Two final examples 17

Conclusion • Polar regions provide plenty of past evidence and current/future signs of what might yet be to come – with further melting and ecological perturbation • Is global and regional governance up to the task? Scale-jumping, networks and regulatory tasking • Arctic is largely under the sovereign jurisdiction of eight states but international waters in central Arctic Ocean are witnessing collective co-operation • Arctic Council is an intergovernmental forum not a treaty-based organization • Role of geopolitical shocks e. g. Crimea/Putin, Trump and Paris Accord? • Global Arctic captures the intensification and acceleration of global-regional-local interactions and blurring of boundaries 18

Resources • Law of the Sea/UNCLOS: http: //www. un. org/depts/los/convention_agreements/conventi on_overview_convention. htm • Discovering Arctic: http: //www. discoveringthearctic. org. uk • Global Arctic/WWF campaign : http: //wwf. panda. org/knowledge_hub/where_we_work/arctic/ • Global Governance/RGS resource: https: //www. rgs. org/schools/teaching-resources/globalsystems-and-global-governance/ 19

See also: Why Should We Care About the Arctic? – a short blog https: //worldpolicy. org/2018/05/08/why-should-we-care-about-the-arctic/ A link to Klaus’s new book, ‘Ice’, “a wide-ranging exploration of the cultural, natural, and geopolitical history of this most slippery of subjects”: http: //press. uchicago. edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/I/bo 28433504. html 20