Global Drought Information System The Global Drought Information

Global Drought Information System The Global Drought Information System (GDIS) Leonsbox-i. Stock/Getty Image Plus www. drought. gov Richard R. Heim Jr. NOAA / NESDIS /National Centers for Environmental Information Asheville, North Carolina USA GEO Ministerial Summit — Side Event Canberra, Australia —www. ncei. org 4– 9 November 2019 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System Global Agriculture Susceptible to Drought World grain trade-depends on exports from a few countries www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System Global Agriculture Susceptible to Drought Significant droughts have struck the major grain-producing countries 2010 Russia 2012 USA 2018 Australia www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System Number of drought disasters as recorded by EMDAT (1974– 2004) www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System Rio Earth Summit, 1992 — The first global gathering on sustainability — More than 178 Governments adopted 27 Principles and the Agenda 21 document — The 27 Principles recognized the importance of the Earth’s ecosystem and included sharing technological knowledge, sharing information about natural disasters, and helping States afflicted by the disasters. — Chapter 12 of the Agenda 21 document specifically called for plans to combat desertification and drought. www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System Rio Earth Summit, 1992 — Desertification, land degradation, and drought, along with climate change and the loss of biodiversity, were identified as the greatest challenges to sustainable development during the 1992 Rio Earth Summit. High-Level Meeting on National Drought Policy, 2013 — “There is increasing evidence that global warming is increasing the frequency and extent of drought around the world. Drought monitoring and mitigation may be expected to become increasing critical in years to come. ” www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System First Earth Observation Summit, 2003 “Working together, our nations will develop and link observation technologies for tracking weather and climate changes in every corner of the world … Our cooperation will enable us to develop the capability to predict droughts, prepare for weather emergencies, plan and protect crops…” — U. S. Secretary of State Colin Powell www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System Laying the Groundwork for a Global Drought Information System (GDIS) Fourth GEO Plenary Session and 2007 Ministerial Summit Cape Town, 28– 30 Nov 2007 United States Proposal: Develop a Global Drought Early Warning System within the coming decade to provide: – A system of systems for data & information sharing, communication, and capacity building to take on the growing worldwide threat of drought – Regular drought warning assessments issued as frequently as possible with increased frequency during a crisis www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System 2012 WCRP GDIS Workshop WCRP: World Climate Research Programme www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System 2 nd GDIS Workshop 2014 – GDIS Modules Global Drought Information System / Global Drought Monitor Portal Global Drought Monitor Component Global Drought Research Component Global Drought Forecast Component Global Drought Catalog Component Global Drought Impacts Component Global Drought Education Component Additional Component www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System Global Drought Monitoring – GEO Linkages SBA: Societal Benefit Area GEO 2012– 2015 Work Plan o Water SBA – WA-01 Ø Establish a Global Drought Monitor to link together continental & regional drought monitoring efforts (GDMP) Ø Develop regional drought impacts monitor to assess vulnerability o Agriculture SBA – AG-01 Ø Establish a global drought information and early-warning framework GDMP: (GDIS/GDEWS) Global Drought Ø Launch new activities in relevant areas such as agricultural drought, agriculture and water use. . . Certainly there is overlap and opportunities for linkages between these two SBA’s. www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information Monitoring Portal GDIS: Global Drought Information System GDEWS: Global Drought Early Warning System

Global Drought Information System Moving Toward a GDEWS – GDIS Modules Global Drought Information System / Global Drought Monitor Portal Global Drought Monitor Component Global Drought Research Component Global Drought Forecast Component Global Drought Catalog Component Global Drought Impacts Component Global Drought Education Component Additional Component Linkages Component (Agriculture) Agricultural Monitoring Data www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System GDIS Components ü Drought Monitoring – Global Drought Monitor (“Where is drought now”) www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System GDIS Components ü Drought Monitoring – Global Drought Monitor (“Where is drought now”) ü Drought Forecasting – (“Where will drought happen in the future”) www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System GDIS Components ü Drought Monitoring – Global Drought Monitor (“Where is drought now”) ü Drought Forecasting – (“Where will drought happen in the future”) ü Drought Catalog – (“Past droughts”) www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System GDIS Components ü Drought Monitoring – Global Drought Monitor (“Where is drought now”) ü Drought Forecasting – (“Where will drought happen in the future”) ü Drought Catalog – (“Past droughts”) ü Drought Research – case studies and other drought research to develop national and international collaborations to study the mechanisms and predictability of high profile drought and heat wave events (“Why does drought happen”) www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System GDIS Components ü Drought Education – outreach component (“What is the GDIS”, “What do we do”, “Why is drought important”, “What is drought”, etc. ) www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System GDIS Components ü Drought Education – outreach component (“What is the GDIS”, “What do we do”, “Why is drought important”, “What is drought”, etc. ) ü Drought Impacts – GDIS not involved directly in drought management or risk assessment, but provides access to tools (drought preparation plans, recovery plans, impacts, etc. ) for decision-makers & managers to use to manage resources for drought mitigation if they choose (“What can we do to recover from drought, mitigate drought impacts, prepare for drought”) www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System GDIS Components ü Each GDIS component: § is developed separately from the others § is developed and functions in the most effective and appropriate way for that component § is developed by those agencies, organizations, countries, and collaborations who have the resources, expertise, and willingness to perform the function. www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System GDIS Components ü Each GDIS component: § is developed separately from the others § is developed and functions in the most effective and appropriate way for that component § is developed by those agencies, organizations, countries, and collaborations who have the resources, expertise, and willingness to perform the function. The GDIS is a collaborative effort that leverages existing resources. www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System ü The USA NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) volunteered to house the GDIS within the NIDIS Drought Portal environment. NIDIS: National Integrated Drought Information System www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System GDIS Components ü Drought Monitoring – The USA NOAA NCEI also volunteered to develop and operate the Global Drought Monitor. ü The other components are under development or are to be developed. GDIS: https: //www. drought. gov/gdm/ www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System Global Drought Monitor (GDM) ü Global Drought Monitor Conceptual Framework: An Integration of Continental & Regional Drought Monitors www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System Global Drought Monitor (GDM) ü The Global Drought Monitor is not a mandated depiction of drought for a continent/nation, and it is not a declaration of drought. ü It is a collaborative mechanism for comparing drought across the globe based upon the best available science. ü It provides a web-services-based environment and is made interoperable with the GEO Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) § by utilizing Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Web Mapping Services (WMS) and other web services for exchange of maps and other information. www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System European Drought Observatory NADM African Drought Monitoring Centers, Princeton University www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information Australian Bureau of Meteorology

Global Drought Information System Regional / Continental Drought Monitors • Each regional or continental Drought Monitor (DM) is developed and functions in a way that is appropriate and workable for that region/continent. • Australia: — One nation, so continental DM (for Australia proper) is the national drought analysis. www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System • Europe: Regional / Continental Drought Monitors — Each country has data networks providing near-real time data — Through the European Commission (EC), the political infrastructure exists for creation of international agreements governing joint research, information sharing, provision of services — EC’s Joint Research Centre established the European Drought Observatory (EDO) which assesses, monitors, and forecasts droughts on a continental scale in Europe, using common drought indices www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System • Africa: Regional / Continental Drought Monitors — Some nations have near-real time data networks, others don’t — National DMs generally not made on a routine basis — Africans requested Princeton University to develop the African Drought Monitor (ADM), based on soil moisture — ADM transitioned to Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC), in Kenya, for operational production. www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System Regional / Continental Drought Monitors • North America (North America Drought Monitor, NADM): — Each country has data networks providing near-real time data — USA, Canada, & Mexico each produce their own national DM using common Arc. GIS shapefile formats — An NADM lead author (rotates amongst the 3 countries) puts the national DMs together and uses shared data from all 3 countries for adjustments along the international borders. — Established and governed by international agreement www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System North American Drought Monitor (NADM) + = www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information +

Global Drought Information System Regional / Continental Drought Monitors • Efforts are under way to establish continental drought monitoring in South America — Workshop on Developing Drought Monitoring, Early Warning and Mitigation System for South America, Buenos Aires, Argentina – 8 -10 August 2017 —Strategic Plan published in February 2018 www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System Regional / Continental Drought Monitors • Efforts are under way to incorporate continental drought monitoring in South Asia — South Asia Drought Monitoring System (SADMS) — Weekly map of drought conditions that is produced and maintained at the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System Potential Regional Drought Monitoring Collaboration • The Enhancing Drought Information Service of Mekong River Commission (MRC) Service, SERVIR-Mekong • Himalayan Drought Information System • Caribbean Drought and Precipitation Monitoring Network • Drought Management Centre for South Eastern Europe • China Meteorological Administration www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System GDM Global Drought Indices & Indicators www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System Other GDIS Components Under Development … www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System Global Drought Forecasting Component ― Currently no global drought forecast ― Link to national & regional forecasts www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System Global Drought Catalog Component ü Numerous analyses have been published describing historical droughts around the world. This component will provide a gateway to access these papers. www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System Drought Impacts Component ― Link to existing drought management tools www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System Drought Education Component ― Link to existing drought education information www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System Global Drought Research Component ― Link to existing drought research information www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System Global Drought Research Partnerships ü Collaborate with partners to further drought research: § GDIS partnered with the European Framework project, Drought Early Warning System for Africa (DEWFORA), to test seasonal drought forecasting skill, both over Africa and globally (with ECMWF). § GDIS partner Princeton Land Surface Hydrology Group routinely maps drought predictions using the North American Multimodel Ensemble (NMME) US and Canadian-based climate models. § Working with our partners, GDIS will develop a data processing stream to combine these two approaches. ECMWF seasonal forecasts will be included through the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C 3 S). www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System Global Drought Research Partnerships ü Collaborate with partners to further drought research: GPCC: Global Precipitation Climatology Centre CMORPH: Climate Prediction Center MORPHing method TRMM-GPM: Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission. Global Precipitation Measurement § Make recommendations how to supplement limited ground-based monitoring sites with space-based monitoring capable of monitoring over large spatial domains while maintaining high resolution and accuracy. § Evaluate user requirements for drought monitoring and forecasting and evaluate their efficacy relative to other possible mixes of space-based or other observations. Update and blend the land-based global precipitation monitoring system (GPCC) with satellite-based global precipitation datasets (candidates for testing: CMORPH and TRMM-GPM). § Develop the space and time requirements (the space and time scales) for observations that can modernize and upgrade and improve drought monitoring and drought management (and drought prediction). www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System Linkages ü GEO Global Agricultural Monitoring (GEOGLAM): § Drought (and evapotranspiration and soil moisture) forecasts made available to GEOGLAM will advance forward the lead time that countries have to prepare for crop failures, and improve Disaster and Agricultural monitoring capability. § This will reduce mortality due to famine and buttress agricultural crop protection against monsoon failure. www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System In Summary ü It is important that the Nations of the world work together to address the global drought hazard. ü GDIS is a collaborative effort that leverages existing resources. ü The GDIS conceptually consists of several components: § Monitoring § Impacts/Tools § Forecasting § Education § Catalog § Research ü The Global Drought Monitor is operational and covers 4 continents; the other components are under development. ü GDIS is collaborating with partners around the world to improve drought monitoring and global data systems. www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System Thank you! GDIS: https: //www. drought. gov/gdm/ Richard Heim – Richard. Heim@noaa. gov Steve Ansari – Steve. Ansari@noaa. gov Will Pozzi – will. pozzi@gmail. com www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System

Global Drought Information System

Global Drought Information System Global Drought Monitor Portal How the IT Functions ü The GDMP provides a web-services-based environment and is made interoperable with the GEO Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) § by utilizing Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Web Mapping Services (WMS) and other web services § to exchange drought maps (and other information) among existing continental and regional drought monitoring efforts.

Global Drought Information System Continental / Regional Drought Monitors One Conceptual Framework Level 1 (North American Model) Level 2 (European Model) Level 3 (African Model) Drought Experts In-house expertise for monitoring, forecasting, impacts, research, planning, education In-house expertise for continental monitoring, forecasting, impacts, research, planning, education. Combined with regional, national, & local expertise External expertise for monitoring and forecasting, coupled with in-house expertise for impacts, research, planning, education National Climate Observing Network Extensive data networks & near-real time daily observations from all 3 countries; supplemented by continental satellite observations & model data Extensive data networks providing nearreal time daily observations (> 30 countries); supplemented by satellite observations & modeled data Extensive data networks and near-real time daily observations for some nations, (more satellite observations than in situ observations for most regions) National Drought Assessments National Drought Monitors in each country already routinely produced timely (monthly or more frequently) & merged into continental Drought Monitor Continental assessment done at JRC, complemented by regional, national and local (e. g. , river basin) assessments, where available. The latter are accessible through EDO. No currently existing National Drought Monitor assessments (National Drought Monitor assessments do not go into the continental assessment) International Data Exchange Station data exchanged for creation of regional or continental standardized indicators Station data from GTS and other sources, Forecasting data from ECMWF. Common drought indices for multi-scale assessment, mutual exchange of knowledge. Local indicators accessible through EDO. Station data from GTS and CLIMAT transmissions are used for real-time data; historical data are from GHCN and similar compilations International Collaboration National experts collaborate to create regional or continental Drought Monitor Continental monitoring coordinated by EDO (EC-Joint Research Centre). National expert network to support development. Nations on the continent request experts from outside to create regional or continental Drought Monitor that are run in-house IT Infrastructure Arc. GIS, web, email Web, interoperable OWS map servers, Arc. GIS, ORACLE DB web, GIS, Google. Maps, email www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Global Drought Information System www. ncei. org NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information