GLOBAL CONSULTATION ON GENETICS AND NEW BIOTECHNOLOGIES PLANT
GLOBAL CONSULTATION ON GENETICS AND NEW BIOTECHNOLOGIES
“PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY” TABITHA GNANAPRIYA
Biotechnology in crop plants Biotic stress -insect pest resistant Bt cotton against boll worm -Disease resistant Grape vine against pierce’s disease -Antiviral papaya against papaya ringspot virus -Herbicide tolerance Roundup ready soyabean n
Ø Abiotic stress -Salt tolerance Arabidopsis At. NHX 1 - Brassica napus -Drought tolerance DREB genes -Acid tolerance Wheat Almt 1 - barley
Improved quality n Shelf life • Flavr-savr tomato n Vitamin • Golden rice n polyunsaturated fatty acids • Canola- laurate and myristate n Essential minerals • Soyabean ferritin- rice n Plant based vaccines • Banana against hepatits B
Fungal biotechnology Host for expressing heterologous proteins 1 -Saccharomyces cerevisiae GRAS Human interferon Human epidermal growth factor Surface antigen of hepatitis B virus 2 -Pichia pastoris Tight and strong promoter AOX 1 (30%) Hirudin (Hirudo medicinalis) 3 -Hansenula polymorpha Tightly regulated and strong promoter MOX (37%) Expression depends on glucose concentration
Production of commercial enzymes n Lipase- lipolase novo nordisk- humicola lanuginose in aspergillus oryzae Secondary metabolites • Immunosuppressive agent- cyclosporin A- tolypocladium nivenum • Hypocholesterolemic agents- lovastatin- monascus ruber • Antitumor agents- taxol- taxomyces andreanae • Mycotoxin- ergot- claviceps spp
Future prospects n n Alternate host Aspergillus sojae Improve expression and secretion of non-fungal proteins Molecular techniques to carry out metabolic engineering Overall analysis of gene expression
Biopharmaceuticals species use Production technique Aesculus glabra Rheumatic pain and antimalarial Embryos- callus Dioscorea alata Nutrition Callus Drosera rotundiafolia Asthama, cough and lung infection plantlets Lathyrus sativus neurotoxic plant Lavendula intermidia Cosmetic, flavoring callus and pharmaceutical
Levels of genetic manipulation n n Cloning of genes Plant regeneration High-throughput screening system Genomic tools and resources Regulatory mechanism
IPR n n n n Novel Distinct Uniform and stable Utility UPOV 1961, 1978, 1991 TRIPS 1994 ITPGRFA 2004
UPOV- 1961, 1978, 1991 n n n Novel, distinct, uniform and stable but no innovative step 1978 - profit for breeders 1991 - permission required
TRIPS-1994 n n Mandatory for WTO members Some form of IP protection Patent n Sui generis system African union save, use, multiply but not to sell n
ITPGRFA- 2004 n Multilateral system • Access and benefit sharing • Sharing of technology • Updated Farmers rights Encourage for protection of TK Sharing benefits Decision making
Future n n Donating technology Public-private partnership Cross licensing acquisition
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