Global 9 Midterm Review 5 Themes of Geography

Global 9 Midterm Review

5 Themes of Geography �Movement �Region �Human-Environment Interactions �Location �Place

Primary & Secondary Source �Primary source – a historical document, source is from a time and place in history (journal, art, video footage) �Secondary source – created about a historical time period (textbook, documentary)

Bias �Influence that one’s perspective has on their opinion

Social Scientists �Archaeologist – studies the physical artifacts of culture �Geographer – studies how people interact with surroundings �Economist – studies how people use resources �Anthropologist – studies early human beings and societies

Neolithic Revolution �Change from nomadic herding/hunting & gathering to settled farming �People settled down �Civilizations formed �Job specialization

Mary Leakey �Archaeologist who found the fossil remains of a common ancestor of apes and humans �Found remains of early humans in East Africa

River Valley Civilizations (cradles of civilization) �Mesopotamia – Tigris/Euphrates Rivers, “Fertile Crescent”, irrigation �Sumer – also in Fertile Crescent, Writing = cuneiform, buildings = ziggurats �Babylon – Hammurabi’s Code (“eye for an eye”) �Phoenician – “Transmitters of civilization”, cultural diffusion, traded by water �Egypt – Nile River (silt), writing = heiroglyphics, pyramids, created paper from papyrus �Ancient India – Harappa and Mohenjo-daro had urban planning, monsoons affected agriculture �Ancient China – Yellow River (Huang He), oracle bones (priests interpreted cracks)

Hinduism �India �No founder �Caste system, reincarnation, karma, dharma, moksha �Texts: Vedas, Upanishades, Mahabharata (Bhagavad Gita)

Buddhism �India �Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) �Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path, reincarnation, nirvana �Text: Tipitaka (Three Baskets of Wisdom)

Animism �Africa �None �Spirits in nature �None

Shintoism �Japan �None �Spirits in nature (kami) �None

Confucianism �China �Confucius �Filial piety, 5 relationships �The Analects

Legalism �China �Han Fei, but used by Shi Huangdi �Very strict laws and punishments for breaking them �None

Daoism �China �Lao-Tsu �The way of the universe, “go with the flow” �Dao De Jing

Christianity �Middle East �Jesus Christ �One God, Jesus is his son, Jesus gave his life to save humanity, Ten Commandments �Bible

Judaism �Middle East �Abraham �One God, Jews must be faithful to him �Torah

Islam �Middle East �Muhammad � 5 Pillars of Islam �Koran (Quran)

Ancient Greece �Geography – mountainous (caused isolated city- states), surrounded by water (Mediterranean Sea) �Athens – direct democracy, arts were valued �Sparta – militaristic culture, military/athletics valued, oligarchy �Pericles – “Father of Democracy” from Greece �Contributions – architecture (columns), sculpture, democracy, math (geometry), philosophy

Ancient Rome �Roman Republic – representative government (two consuls, Senate, judges) �Law code = 12 Tables �Pax Romana achievements – concrete, amphitheater, aqueducts, sewers, census, roads �Fall of Rome – internal (lack of loyalty, loss of interest in government affairs, economic problems) and external factors (invasions from foreign tribes)

Byzantine Empire �Achievements – preserved Greco-Roman culture, Cyrillic alphabet, architecture (Hagia Sophia, Hippodrome), Eastern Orthodox religion (cultural diffusion to Russia) �Justinian – important emperor, created Justinian’s Code (laws)

Mauryan Empire (India) �Ashoka – Buddhist king who expanded and unified empire. Rock and Pillar Edicts = government policies on Buddhist teachings

Gupta Empire �Achievements: sculpture, universities, math, literature, astronomy, medicine, painting, metalwork �Golden Age! Good things happened.

Qin Dynasty �Shi Huangdi – used Legalism (harsh rules & punishments) �Reorganized government, made nobles live at court, built Great Wall, repaired roads and canals, forced peasants to work and join military, standardized measurements

Han Dynasty �The Han built many roads to connect their empire (just like the Romans) �Achievements: Silk/Silk Road, paper, compass, art, civil service exam

Bantu Migration �Migration = large scale movement of people �Why? Tribal wars, needed new land for agriculture (not enough resources/desertification), wanted to avoid slavery �Effects = Cultural diffusion, more people, more agriculture �Desertification = land turning into desert

Early African Kingdoms �Gold and salt! �Mansa Musa was a Muslim from Mali who went to Mecca

Spread of Islam/Islamic Caliphates �Umayyad and Abbasid families ruled after the “rightly guided” caliphs �Achievements: Medicine, philosophy, art, math, astronomy (Golden Age!)

Tang and Song Dynasties �Achievements: Printing, gunpowder, the compass, Confucianism, civil service exam, art