GLOBACID FOR POULTRY GLOBACID Acidifier Main acids used
GLOBACID FOR POULTRY GLOBACID Acidifier
Main acids used in animal nutrition • Many acids are available, organic or minerals; liquids or solids • Mineral or inorganic doesn’t means that there are not naturaly essential for organism
GENERALITIES ON ACIDS
Acidity – Mineral and organic acids • It is simply related to the concentration of H+ or more precisely of H 30+ in an aquaeous solution • Consequently, any molecula able to liberate in solution is H+ an acid • Main acids are divided into mineral and organic acids • Mineral acids : • Hydrochloric HCl -> H+ + Cl • Sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4 -> H+ + SO 4 • Phosphoric acid H 3 PO 4 -> H+ + H 2 PO 4 • Organic acids or carboxylic acids : • All molecula having a COOH (carboxylic) function : • COOH -> H+ + COO • Formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, etc…
STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS • Strong acids : • The dissociation in solution is allways complete and no reversible • AH -> H+ + A • Weak acids : • The dissociation is not total , balance between 2 forms, one called dissociated, the second called non dissociated : AH <-> H+ + A • Like any chemical balance this equilibria allways respect stricly a chemical rule due to the equilibrium constancy K • K = [H+][A-]/[AH] • we speak about Ka, K for constancy a for acidity • The higher the constancy, the more H+ is produced, so the stronger is the acid • p. Ka is equal to -LOG 10 of Ka, the lower the p. Ka, the stronger the acid
STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS IN ANIMAL NURITION • Acid classification : • Organic acids are allways weak acids : • All organic acids have a p. Ka and consequently are weak acids • Some minerals acids are strong acids : • For example HCl is a strong acid, allways completly dissociated. • Even if this acid that can be found in the organism, especially in the stomach. It is very difficult to use it in animal production. • The risk of over dosage is important. • In the organisme, its production is strongly regulated according to the p. H of the stomach, so no risk of excess
STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS IN ANIMAL NURITION • Acid classification : • Some mineral acids are also weak acids : • 2 of them are fundamental for the regulation of p. H in the organism : • Phosphoric acid : • H 3 PO 4 H+ + H 2 PO 4 p. Ka 1 2. 2 • H 2 PO 4 H+ + HPO 4 -p. Ka 7. 3 • The second acidity is the main important in the regulation of intracellular p. H and urine p. H • Carbonique acide : • H 2 CO 3 H+ + HCO 3 p. Ka = 6. 3 • This reaction is fundamental for blood, intestinal environmental p. H balance • So mineral acids in some case means also physiological and even fundamental for organism metabolism regulation
Pka effect on p. H • H 30+ = c Ka 1 + c Ka 2 + c Ka 3 so p. H depends on concentration and p. Ka only • Only the lower p. Ka has an effect on p. H for poly acids • + 1 point of p. Ka -> + 10 times more concentration needed to reach the same p. H (0. 1 x 10 -2 = 1. 0 x 10 -3) • Lower p. H are obtained with lower p. Ka
Strengh of acids • Conclusion : lower p. Ka makes lower p. H More efficient to reduce p. H
Number of acids function concentration Formic can be the more concentrated liquid acid Use to be a cheap by-product so used in animal nutrition But it is highly corrosive and non palatable
ACIDS FOR p. H REDUCTION BACTERIOSTATIC EFFECT
Bacteriostatic action throught p. H reduction 4, 4 E. COLI 8 7, 8 CLOSTRIDIUM 5 SALMONELLES 4, 2 STAPHYLOCOQUES p. H 6 3 4 Non mutiplication area 6, 8 5 6 Multiplication area 7 8
Protein digestion and p. H Enzym activity Pepsine activity and consequently stomach protein digestion is optimum when p. H is low Reducing p. H in stomach also improves protein digestibility
BACTERICID EFFECT OF ACIDS
Acids forms and p. H Same proportion AH undissociated form dominant A- dissociated form dominant p. Ka p. H Ka = [H 3 O+] [A-] is a constant value [AH] Ø p. H = p. Ka or [H 3 O+]=[A] [AH]=[A] Ø If [H 3 O+] increases [AH] must increase or [A-] must decrease • When p. H is low, acid conditions AH is the most important • When p. H is higher than p. Ka, A- is the most important
p. H effect on acid dissociation Butyric acid p. H 1. 8 2. 8 3. 8 4. 8 5. 8 6. 8 7. 8 8. 8 9. 8 10. 8 11. 8 Bu. COOH 99. 9 99 90 50 10 1 0. 01 0. 0001 0. 00001 Bu. COO- 0. 1 1 10 50 90 99 99. 9999 100 p. H 1. 8 2. 8 3. 8 4. 8 5. 8 6. 8 7. 8 8. 8 9. 8 10. 8 11. 8 HCOOH 99 90 50 10 1 0. 01 0. 0001 0. 000001 HCOO- 1 10 50 90 99 99. 9999 100 Formic acid The lower the p. H, the more undissociated form, ex : 90% at p. H 3. 8 vs 50% at p. H 4. 8 for butyric The higher the p. Ka, the more undissociated form at same p. H, ex : at p. H 4. 8, 50% for butyric vs 10% formic
BUFFERING CAPACITY • Can be measured at p. H 3, 4 or 5 • For the stomach activity, the p. H 3 is the most important (pepsine activity) • The liberation of acidity before the reference p. H is important. • At p. H 3, formic or lactic acid with a p. Ka of 3. 8% have only 15% of efficiency, while phosphoric and citric respectively 88% and 43%
BACTERICIDE ACTION OF ACIDIFIER RCOOH In neutral environment RCOOH RCOO- polar, can’t enter the cell In acid environment No bactericid action RCOO- polar, can’t leave the cell H+ RCOO- p. H BACTERIA H+ Neutral environment RCOO- H+ acidify bacteria content Energy H+ p. H Accumlates in the cell, cause of RNA dammage 1 st cause of cell death 2 nd cause of cell death To increase p. H, bacterias must excrete H+, spending energy
INHIBITION OF COLIBACILLI BY VFA concentration to reduce by 50% Colibacilli growth • Gàlfi and Neogràdy, 1992 • BUTYRATE > PROPIONATE > ACETATE • p. H reduction has a synergistic effect
Globacid LF-60 -Plus : Effect against E. Coli in the intestine of broilers Log (Nbr/gr) Regional Animal Health Institute - Torhout (B) : Dr. R. Wyffels 15 days trial period - 5 days pretrial period - 4 kg/ton
SYNERGIE BETWEEN ORGANIC ACIDS AND PHOSPHORIC ACID
Synergy phosphoric and organic acids Bactericide action of Acids mix R-COO- R-COOH 3. 8 p. Ka R-COOH H 3 PO 4 acid effect p. H R-COO- Lowering the p. H, phosphoric acids makes the undissociated form dominant When acids will react with other components, the strongest acid in a mix is allways the first one to react. So phosphoric acid reacts allways before organic acids in the mix, preserving their efficiency Organic acids can have a more bactericide effect
p. H reduction and phosphorique inclusion 18% 22% 2. 5 Kg inclusion /T 11% 9% 7% 6% 6% 5% 5% 4% % of dissociated inactive form Already 20% of phosphorique makes less 10% of lactique inactive OPCL = 50% compromise with % efficiency and p. H reduction (protein digestibility)
Consequences • Organic acids such as Formic acid and lactic are the more efficient to have a bactericid effect Formic Lactic In same quantities, Formic as a smaller molecular weight so can bring more acid per kg But as a smaller molecula, its absorption is also quicker in the stomach
Consequences • Organic acids associations such as Phosphoric/Lactic are as efficient to have a bactericid effect Phosphoric Formic Lactic
DIGESTIVE TRACT ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology of poultry digestive tract Jejunum p. H 6. 5 -7 Crop p. H 5. 5 Proventriculus p. H 2. 5 – 3. 5 Gizzard p. H 1. 5 – 3. 5 Log 10 Cæcum Ileum p. H 7 – 7. 5 Colon-Rectum Cæcum p. H 6. 9 Foie Cloaca p. H 8 p. H: Normal p. H in digestive tract Duodenum p. H 5 - 6 Pancreas Crop Gizzard Duodenum Ileum Caeca Lactobacilli 8. 7 7. 3 8. 0 8. 6 8. 7 Enterococus 4. 0 3. 7 4. 0 4. 2 6. 7 Coliformes 1. 7 - 2. 0 2. 7 5. 6 Yeast 2. 7 - 1. 7 - 2. 0 Clostridia - - (-) 9. 0 Anaerobes - - 10. 0 Streptococus anaerobic - - 10. 0 ÄBacterial flora is highly developped all along the digestive tract ÄAcidification naturally exists in the first part of the digestive tract ÄAntibiotics growth promotors are used to control this flora
Physiology of poultry digestive tract Mouth Feed are almost no fragmentated Ptyaline* action begins and continu in crop (Surdeau et Hénaff, 1979) * Ptyaline: enzyme (amylase) degrades starch
Physiology of poultry digestive tract Crop Natural presence of 8. 710/g Lactobacilles p. H 4, 5 – 6, 5 Important production of mucus to humidify feed Feed reserve playing important role in feed ingestion Emptying of crop is regulated by particule size and quantity (quicker for meal) p. H variation is related to feed quantity. p. H reduction is due only to fermentation because there are no acidic secretion The flora is composed mainly of lactobacille (Gabriel Irène et al, JRA 2003) that are responsible for lactic fermentations (Wielen et al, 2000)
Acidification interest • In the crop, no acid secretion • Acidifier allows to accelerate the p. HJ reduction and favorise the development of lactobacille flora and is detrrimental for salmonella or other pathogen development The vertical transmission of salmonellas and formic acid treatment of chicken feed. A possible strategy for control. Humphrey TJ, Lanning DG. Public Health Laboratory, Heavitree, Exeter, UK. The treatment of feed given to laying hens with 0. 5% formic acid reduced significantly the isolation rate of salmonellas and was associated with a reduction in the incidence of infection in newly hatched chicks. These improvements were not sustained until slaughter, however, as growing birds acquired salmonellas, probably from feed which was not acid treated. The data indicate that formic acid treatment of chicken food could have important benefits for the public health Epidemiol Infect. 1988 Feb; 100(1): 43 -9.
Physiology of poultry digestive tract Proventriculus Proventriculeus p. H 1, 5 – 4, 5 Secrete high amount of hydrochloric acid p. H arounnd-p. H 1, 5 – 4, 5 Pepsinogene transformation in pepsine is not complete Proteolyse only begins Content stays for 10 to 60 mn before entering in the gizzard
Physiology of poultry digestive tract Gizzard p. H 1, 5 – 3 p. H is low - p. H 1, 5 à 3 Proteolys is important under pepsine action Mecanical activity og gizzard is important, but lower for meal feed The low p. H allows to solubilize minerals (layer must solubilose 7 to 8 g of calcium carbonate per day)
Physiology of poultry digestive tract Duodenum p. H 6 – 7 Junction between gizzard and duodenum is recovered by a mucis to protect from high acidity Increase p. H content to 6 – 7 by endogenous secretion of sodium bicarbonate Bacterial growth is controled by the growth of high amount of enzymes, bile salts (antibacterial) and oxygen.
Physiology of poultry digestive tract Jejunum and ileum p. H 6, 5 – 7, 5 Place of chemical digestion by intestinal and pancreatic enzymes Villositary absorption of nutriments, water and minerals Digestive flora can be located in the lumen or attached in the intestinal mucus
Physiology of poultry digestive tract Intestinal villosities Digestive flora depends of nutriments, transit speed presence or not of pathogen bacteria
Physiology of poultry digestive tract Caecas p. H 6, 5 – 7, 5 Presence of more 1010 anaerobes Caecal contents are renewd 1 to 2 times per day Urina is deversed to produce feces Place of bacterial fermentation, riche on anaerobic bacteria, producing AGV, acetic, propionic, butyric, formic (Mead, 2000) Those organic acid have antibacterial effects (Vielen et al, 2000) Poultry bacterial flora is stable at 2 weeks of age at intestinal level. It is required 4 to 6 weeks for the caecal flora to stabilise (Gabriel Irène et al, Inra 2003)
ACIDIFIERS AND POULTRY PERFORMANCE
Globacid LFPA : Salmonella inhibitor in feed Marivi Gnilo Colle : BS-Thesis at UPLB - April 2000 p. H= 7 / moisture =12%
Globacid LFPA-60 : : anti-Salmonella activity in relation to feed p. H Log (cfu/gr) Hours Marivi Gnilo Colle : BS-Thesis at UPLB - April 2000 moisture =12 %
Globacid LFPA : anti-Salmonella activity in relation to feed moisture content Mark Kristoffer Ungos Pasayan : BS-Thesis at UPLB - April 2000 p. H= 6
Lactic acid effect on crop p. H and salmonella control Crop p. H Salmonella Log 10 CONTROL 5. 96 4. 17 0. 47% LACTIC ACID 5. 47 2. 17 Avila et al, 2003 Mortality after contact with infected chicken by Salmonella gallinarum Mortality Control Propionic+Formic 76% 33% Berchieri and Barrow, 1996 • Organic acid helps to control pathogen bacteria, and patholgy incidences
Comparison of some growth promoters in turkey feed AFSAA trial Control Avilamycin MOS Organic acid 1 st trial 1013 1068 1062 1030 2 nd trial 981 1024 997 1043 Weight 28 d • Organic acid can provide similar zootechnical performance as antibiotics growth promoters
Litter dry matter Comparison of some growth promoters in turkey feed AFSAA trial • Organic acids highly improves litter quality • Constant in most of the acidified feeds
Egg weight improvement Layers hen (repro) 2 buildings of 6000 animals (1 control, 1 acidifier)
% Rejected eggs Layers hen (repro) 2 buildings of 6000 animals (1 control, 1 acidifier)
Layer - Japan Number of eggs + 6, 8 % Broken eggs - 64 % FC -8% Feces weight - 11, 7 % Moisture feces -3% Performance index +6%
TOTAL BACTERIAL CONTROL PROGRAM üIn the first part : Globacid = acidification action üIn second part of the digestive tract : Globamax = Calcium Butyrate Action üAll along the intestine for strong antisalmonella treatment : Globatan Glo d baci ax m ba o l G an t a b o l G Ø Wide action all along the digestive tract
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