Gleitman Gross Reisberg Psychology EIGHTH EDITION Chapter 8

In Class Assignment q. For the class on Memory, there is an in class assignment. This will last the entire class period. q. You will need a piece of paper and a pen, or a computer and the ability to email your answers. q. You will be asked a series of questions about the topics covered in class. You will be asked to turn in your answers.

Chapter Pretest q What is Acquisition? • What is Memory Storage? • What does Retrieval mean? • How do these three work together? • What are Memory Gaps or Memory Errors? • Please name the different types of Memory.

Chapter Topics • Some Final Thoughts: Different Types, But Common Principles • Summary

Acquisition, Storage, Retrieval (very simple) • Remembering begins with acquisition. • gathering information and placing it into memory • The next aspect of memory is storage. • holding information for later use • The final phase is retrieval. • draw information from storage and use it

How Do People Create a Memory? q. Memories become memories through the work of several parts of the brain working together to tie things together. q. This starts with our brain and the brains interpretation of sensory information from the seven senses which are… qhttps: //youtu. be/6 Ck_GRSB-7 s

Memories q. As a person move through life they are bombarded with sensory information. q. They have to make sense of this information. q. Sensory info includes sight, touch, taste, hearing, smell, vestibular (through the inner ear and control balance and eye movement), and proprioceptive (movement nd body position).

Understand Sensory Info q. To understand the sensory info, our brain inputs this data, and then has to process this data. q. To process this data, the brain searches it’s knowledge banks for where it may have seen the info before. The brain does this to make sense of the info and to make understanding fast and simple.

Sensory Memory

Visual Sensory Memory

The Brain q. While this is going on, the brain is working to manage these sensory cues. q. The brain tries to focus on 3 -5 things. To do this it inhibits sensory info it believes is unnecessary to pay attention to this new info. This means the brain inhibits (stops) competing information, selectively attends to what is considers important, and remains vigilant to changes in the environment (to shift focus, or “sets”, as needed).

Does this make sense?

Quiz q. What is memory acquisition? q. What is memory storage? q. What is memory retrieval? q. Please name two unique aspects of your sensory memory.

Decode q. As the brain is searching it is decoding. q. Decoding refers to analyzing the info, making sense of it from past data, so the brain can understand the meaning. q. Please keep in mind the brain is filtering through its own biases and processing deficits. q. Also the past memories are deeply associated to the sensory aspect it is attached to, such as fear in PTSD.

Encoding q. If the brain is not able to make sense of something, the brain will start the process of making a new memory. q. Encoding allows the brain to do this. Encoding means the brain gives the new information a name, or a meaning. This allows the brain to learn, store the new info, and thus use the info later (retrieve).

Encoding and Retrieval qhttps: //youtu. be/u 4 Np. WUJbar. Q qhttps: //youtu. be/d. V 3 Lxbf. KBfk q. Memory can easily fade. q. Memory is subject to suggestion and priming. q. Memories are created.

Quiz 2 q. What does Decoding mean? q. What does Encoding mean? q. What does priming mean?

The Fiction of Memory qhttps: //www. ted. com/talks/elizabeth_loftus _the_fiction_of_memory? language=en q. Dr Elizabeth Loftus, False Memory Researcher

Different Types of Memory q. Short term. q. Working Memory. q. Long term.

Short term Memory q. The short term memory holds information for a brief period, literally just seconds, in order to use the information a short period. q. From there the information can be held in working memory or lost. q. Short term memory is simple, temporary storage. q. Example as a phone number.

Working Memory q. This is your brain’s notepad. The working memory allows you to plan, prioritize, pay attention, and organize your time. q. This is referred to as the central executive. q. You have a visual, verbal (semantic), and spatial working memory. q. You can hold 3 -5 things, or 3 -5 chunks of data here.

Working Memory q. Working memory helps you decide what to keep and put in your long term memory, or what to discard and forget. q. WM has a buffering mechanism that allows you to hold info, as well as a comprehensive coordinator (what is held, what is acted upon, what is discarded. ). qhttps: //youtu. be/UWKvp. FZJwc. E q. Review

Quiz 3 q. What are false memories? q. Can any person have false memories? q. How easy is it for us to make up our memories? What are the reasons? q. Please define short term memory. q. Please define working memory. How many chunks of info can the WM hold? q. How does WM help you pay attention?

Long Term Memory q. Long term memory is an unlimited storage area consisting of several task-specific systems. q. Explicit (declarative) memories are instances or facts that are recalled. These are general facts, group norms, and facts that are unique to you (your autobiography).

Long term Memory q. LTM also holds implicit memories. q. These are skill sets that have been learned, practiced, and then recalled or retrieved as a result of this practice. q. These skills may be motor maps designed due to repeated physical use, techniques acquired through learning and practice, and daily objectives. q. This memory system makes life easier. Your brain does not have to work hard.

Long Term Memory

Memory Chart

Increasing Memory • Primacy effects • Early items receive more rehearsal and are more likely to be transferred to long-term storage. • Recency effects • Just-heard items can be retrieved directly from working memory.

Processing for Memory • Understanding promotes memory • How well someone remembers will depend on the depth at which he or she processed the information. • shallow processing: encoding that emphasizes superficial characteristics • deep processing: encoding that emphasizes meaning

Processing for Memory • We remember best the material that we’ve understood. • Memory connections link one memory to the next. • At the time of recall, these connections serve as retrieval paths.

Mnemonics • help a person form memory connections that can dramatically improve memory • Many mnemonics utilize imagery. • This is most helpful if the visualized items are imagined as linked to each other.

Quiz 4 q. Please define long term memory (LTM)? q. What are the two main types of LTM? Please define these two types. q. What are primacy effects? q. What are the reasons we are better able to remember the material we really understand (deep vs shallow processing)?

Improving Working Memory qhttps: //youtu. be/hh 2 Z 2 h. Sg. FIY

Memory Consolidation • Establishment of a long-term memory depends on memory consolidation. • New connections are formed among neurons. • Consolidation is the processes of stabilizing a memory after the initial acquisition of this memory. • It happens during encoding and storage. • Two types of Consolidation.

Synaptic Consolidation q. Synaptic is the first type. This happens within the first few hours of encoding. q. Literally the forming of synaptic connections. The neurons are firing together thus wiring together and making maps. Through neurotransmitter excitiation or inhibition. q. This is the brain changing or reorganizing itself due to new learning or experiences. q. This is known as plasticity.

Systemic Consolidation q. This is defined as by the synaptic connections that have created the memory become pretty solid. q. This can be disrupted (remember the false memory video). Your memory can be changed or transformed.

Memory Change q. An event happens, your brain encodes this information, the brain seeks to consolidate what has been learned, this becomes a fixed memory. However: q. Our memories are labile. When this initial memory is reactivated (called back up), our ideas, opinions, thoughts, and images can be changed.

Retrieval • Retrieval of memories: • usually easy but can fail, either completely or partially (tip-of-the-tongue effect) • promoted by retrieval cues • Cues are useful if they re-create the context in which the original learning occurred. • Context reinstatement allows the person to use retrieval paths.

Quiz q. What are the two types of consolidation? q. Please explain these two types of consolidation. q. Please name two ways we retrieve memories.

Disorders of Memory qhttps: //youtu. be/7 mvx-m. AUJL 8 qhttps: //youtu. be/75 Jnk. JIx. Lp 8 qhttps: //youtu. be/d. Mz. N 6 Cxnxlg

Quiz q. What are two disorders of memory? q. Please explain why these disorders would cause memory problems.

Intrusion Errors • Interference can also result from mixing memories. • intrusion errors • misinformation effect • It can be the result of schematic knowledge intruding into memory of a particular event. • Events are usually understood (and remembered) with reference to schemas.

Avoiding Memory Errors • Psychologists have searched unsuccessfully for ways of distinguishing correct memories from mistaken ones. • Confidence expressed by the person remembering has little value. • Hypnosis also does nothing to improve memory. • can actually increase the risk of memory error

Final Thoughts • The link between memory and perception is that both try to inform us about “reality. ” • Perceiving, learning, memory, and thinking are tied tightly together. • Questions? • In class assignment.

Concept Quiz 1) According to the stage theory of memory, memory acquisition is a process of: a) increasing the storage capacity of long-term memory. b) directly encoding experience into long-term memory. c) moving memories from working memory to long-term memory. d) maintaining memories in working memory.

Concept Quiz 2) Which of the following is a strategy you could use to keep information in your working memory? a) b) c) d) context reinstatement maintenance rehearsal interference declarative processing

Concept Quiz 3) You are trying to remember the name of a person you met last week. According to the principle of context reinstatement, it would be most helpful to bring to mind: a) the place and time you originally met this person. b) the reason you want to remember this person’s name. c) the names of other people you recently met. d) the face of the person whose name you want to remember.

Concept Quiz 4) In a psychology study, you are asked to memorize a list of words. After a rest period, you are asked to memorize a second list of words. Your ability to remember the first list of words is now likely to decrease because of: a) b) c) d) decay interference retrograde amnesia the primacy effect

Concept Quiz 5) H. M. is a patient made famous for his case of anterograde amnesia, in which he lost the ability to: a) recall events that occurred just prior to the onset of amnesia. b) recall events that occurred in early childhood. c) acquire new procedural knowledge. d) acquire new declarative knowledge.

Video Clips

This concludes the presentation slides for Chapter 8 For more learning resources, visit the Study. Space at http: //www. wwnorton. com/college/psychology 8/