Gleitman Gross Reisberg Psychology EIGHTH EDITION Chapter 5

Psychology Club Survey q. Here is a link to the survey in Survey Monkey: q https: //www. surveymonkey. com/r/NJ 9 L 6 B S q. This is 10 extra credits points. q. You must bring me the screen shot for the completed survey.

Chapter Topics • How do Senses and Perception intertwine. • Form Perception or literally seeimg something: What Is It? • Figure and ground: The Gestalt • Sensory Percpetion • Perceptual Constancy • Distance Perception: Where Is It? • Motion Perception: What Is It Doing?

Chapter Topics • Perceptual Selection: Attention and movement • Emotional Perception • Some Final Thoughts: Seeing, Knowing, and the Perceiver’s Active Role • Summary

Your Senses q. You have 7 senses. q. These are taste, touch, hearing, and smell, vision. q. There is also Proprioception. This is the unconscious perception of movement and spatial orientation arising from stimuli in the body. This means how you know to automatically move like you move. q. Proprioception problems include clumsiness, posture, knowing how much pressure to use, etc.

Your Senses q. The 7 th sense is Vestibular. q. This is the sensory system that provides you the ability to have a sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of coordinating movement with your balance. q. This helps with gross motor skills (walking, running), fine motor skills (holding objects like a pencil), and visual spatial motor skills (following a moving object).

Your Senses and Perception q. Sensation is sensing your world through those seven sensory states. q. After you sense stimuli through your seven senses, you must somehow perceive what you just sensed. q. Perception is the ways you interpret your senses.

Sensation and Perception qhttps: //youtu. be/QZUEw. GNe 0 t. E q. Discussion. q. Lets start with visual sensation and perception.

Form Perception • Recognition of forms begins the detection of simple features. • visual search tasks • Recognition depends on more than a checklist of features. • It depends on how the perceiver has organized the features, mental representations from past, how we can categorize, how moving, and what we expect to see.

The Brain and Perception qhttps: //youtu. be/1 xcv. WSe. ZPbw q. Dr Mark Changizi, Developmental Neurobiologist q. How your Brain Perceives Visual Information

The Gestalt q. The Gestalt is a school within psychology q. Gestalt is concerned with the multitude of aspects related to how animals problem solve. q. One area is the way animals perceive their situations as an automatic response, and later as our temperament and character enter the problem solving.

Form Perception and Gestalt • To organize (or parse) input, the perceiver must analyze the visual scene. • segregation of figure and ground • Interpretive steps seem logical to the animal but are based on what is literally seen, and what factors in the animal may aid or regress the perception.

q. Visual Figure and Ground qhttps: //youtu. be/1 BADot 3 Xb 8 s q. Auditory Figure and Ground qhttps: //youtu. be/_z. QIWCU 6 t. Uc

Vision q. Vision requires deciphering foreground from background, recognizing objects in a wide array of places, and accurately interpreting spatial cues. q. Optic nerve (located in the back of the eye) connects the eye to the brain. q. The optic nerve routes information via the thalamus to the cerebral cortex (occipital lobe), where visual perception occurs.

“What” and “Where” • “What” system • temporal lobe • identification of visual objects, facial and object recognition “Where” system • parietal lobe • where stimulus is located or motion and spatial awareness

Perceptual Constancy • We perceive a stable world • despite changes in viewing circumstances that cause alteration to sensory information. • size constancy • even though it’s determined by size of distal object and by viewing distance • shape constancy • even though the shape depends on viewing angle • We have mental representations.

Unconscious Inference • Evidence suggests we achieve constancy through unconscious inference. • It takes viewing circumstances (distance, viewing angle, illumination) into account by means of a simple calculation. • We fill in the “gaps” with our perception. • It can sometimes lead us astray. • illusions

Psychological Misperceptions q. Sensory Processing Difficulties. https: //youtu. be/1_Iuj 8 dr 9 o. Y q. Temple Grandin qhttps: //youtu. be/vw. Jc 6 Hk. P 8 fc Distorted Body Image https: //youtu. be/lit. XW 91 Uau. E

Perceptual Disorders qhttps: //youtu. be/Dhrck. KWmn. TQ q. Body Dysmorphic Disorder

On line Psychology Lab qhttp: //opl. apa. org/Instructors/Registration. C onfirmation. aspx? x=9160 q. Class ID is 9160.

Attention • Perception is selective. • Selectivity is produced by orienting and through central adjustments. • Adjustments depend in part on our ability to prepare ourselves by priming relevant detectors and processing pathways. • Perception allows us to decide what, in our inner or outer world, to pay attention to.

Attention • Thanks to this priming, perception is more efficient for a stimulus that is attended to. • Conversely, the perception of unattended stimuli may be disrupted altogether. • Studies demonstrate how little of unattended stimuli we perceive. • Change Blindness. • Distorted Body Image, Thought-Action Fusion, Sense of hopelessness, etc.

Other Modalities • Different sense modalities have a lot in common. • For example, hearing • involves feature analysis. • Auditory stimuli, like visual stimuli, are often ambiguous. • Attention is important.

Final Thoughts • Perception is not knowledge. • Perception frequently contradicts what we know. • Knowledge and perception are mutually influenced but are not the same thing. • The perceiver and the knower are distinct in many instances.

Concept Quiz 1) Why is it helpful for humans to be sensitive to many different, and sometimes redundant, distance cues? a) Different distance cues are important in different situations. b) Distance cues are usually misleading, and we need backup systems to prevent visual illusions. c) No distance cue, by itself, can provide interpretable information about an object’s distance. d) Each distance cue is only accurate for objects within a specific distance range.

Concept Quiz 2) Direction-specific motion-detecting neurons in the visual cortex are sensitive to motion because they fire in response to: a) changes in light intensity of a stimulus. b) a stimulus moving across the neuron’s receptive field on the retina. c) voluntary movements of the eyes. d) monocular distance cues.

Concept Quiz 3) Helmholtz argued that we achieve perceptual constancy in the absence of higher-order invariant cues because we make ______ about visual stimuli. a) b) c) d) visual constraints visual illusions unconscious inferences conscious calculations

Concept Quiz 4) Which of the following phenomena is an example of a knowledge-driven, top-down perceptual process? a) b) c) d) sensory memory feature detection proximal stimulus priming effects

Concept Quiz 5) Visual processing in the brain is characterized by ________ processing, in which multiple processes occur simultaneously. a) b) c) d) stepwise linear parallel hierarchical

Video Clips

This concludes the presentation slides for Chapter 5 For more learning resources, visit the Study. Space at http: //www. wwnorton. com/college/psychology 8/