Gleitman Gross Reisberg Psychology EIGHTH EDITION Chapter 3
Gleitman • Gross • Reisberg Psychology EIGHTH EDITION Chapter 3 The Brain and the Nervous System © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Chapter Topics • The Experience Dependent Brain • Building Blocks of the Nervous System and Brain • Communication among Neurons • Communication through the Bloodstream • Methods for Studying the Nervous System • The Architecture of the Nervous System
Chapter Topics • The Cerebral Cortex • Plasticity • Some Final Thoughts: Do All Psychological Questions Have Biological Answers? • Summary
How We Learn About the Brain q. Science typically learns about the brain and the CNS through studying people with brain injury or brain illness. q. Further studies are done on people who have been severely abused as well as completing autopsies on people who have been injured, had injury or through age.
Brain Knowledge q. The Importance of this knowledge for Psychology. q. Classic case of Phinneas Gage q. Other studies of people with TBI such as former NFL players, Veterans, people living with stroke, parkinsons, etc. q. Children who have been abused or neglected.
Videos q. Phinneas Gage https: //youtu. be/5 B 2 p. Qkq. M 6 nc q. RAD https: //youtu. be/ME 2 wm. Fun. Cj. U q. Traumatic Brain Injury https: //youtu. be/dyq. Gys 9 Htbo Discussion?
The Structure and the Function of the Brain qhttps: //youtu. be/k. MKc 8 nf. PATI q. Discussion of the CNS and the PNS q. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. q. The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia (nerve cell clusters) outside of the brain and spinal cord.
as we saw on the film.
Autonomic Nervous System q. The part of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible for the control of the bodily functions that are not consciously directed such as your heart beating, breathing, and digesting of food. q. It has afferent nerves (sensory neurons) which send impulses from the sensory receptors and sense organs to the CNS. q. And Efferent nerves (motor neurons) which send impulses to muscles or glands to tell them what to do.
Somatic Nervous System q. This is responsible for carrying motor and sensory information between the CNS and the skeletal muscles, skin, and sensory organs. It is part of the peripheral nervous system. q. It is called the voluntary nervous system. q. Includes voluntary movement of muscles, organs, and reflex movements. q. Also has efferent and afferent nerves.
Innervation: To supply nerves to a bodily organ or to stimulate a body part with nerve impulses.
Brain Stem q. This regulates heart rate, breathing, sleeping, and eating, as well as other functions. q. The nerve connections from the motor and sensory systems of the cortex pass through the Brain Stem to communicate with the PNS. q. Plays an important role in consciousness.
Convolutions are folds in the brain https: //www. traumaticbraininjuryatoz. org/The-Brain/Lobe-Functions
Brain Illness/Injury and Depression q. Stroke can cause paralysis, speech problems, and an inability to complete daily tasks. q. Depression and stroke and heart attack are linked. q. Seizures happen when the brain cells, which communicate through electrical signals, send out the wrong signals.
Seizures q. In about half the cases the cause is not known. q. Causes include head injury, genes, dementia, brain injury, lupus, meningitis, stroke, heart attack. q. Treatment may include brain removal.
Aphasia and Mental Health qhttps: //youtu. be/goc. IUW 3 E-go q. Broca’s Aphasia qhttps: //youtu. be/d. KTd. MV 6 c. OZw q. Wernicke”s Aphasia q. Aphasia: The loss or impairment in the ability to comprehend language, such as the spoken or written word, read numbers and not letters, etc.
Brain Injury q. Post Concussive Syndrome qhttps: //youtu. be/N 9 S_Hdkqf 08 q. Other Traumatic Brain Injury qhttps: //youtu. be/Hxa. Ne. E 7 Qzn 4 q. Due to illness of medications qhttp: //www. cbsnews. com/videos/u-s-troops -given-anti-malaria-drug-despite-concernof-side-effects
Plasticity in Action qhttp: //bigthink. com/think-tank/brainexercise q. Another example of neuroplasticity has been found in London taxi drivers. A cab driver's hippocampus -- the part of the brain that holds spatial representation capacity -- is measurably larger than that of a bus driver. By driving the same route every day, the bus drivers don't need to exercise this part of the brain as much. The cabbies, on the other hand, rely on it constantly for navigation.
Thursday q. Review q. Continue Discussion of the Brain q. What is it like when you cannot use parts of your brain. q. Continue on Tuesday with Neural Communication and exam review. q. The first exam is Tuesday 2/2.
Final Thoughts • Should all psychological questions have biological answers? • Although all of human behavior may have an identifiable biological correlate in terms of neural firing, in many cases, this correlate is not the most useful explanation.
Concept Quiz 1) Which of the following best describes what functional neuroimaging techniques measure? a) which brain regions are active during a specific task b) the pattern of increases in activity in individual brain regions during a specific task c) which brain regions are inactive during a specific task d) the pattern of decreases in activity in individual brain regions during a specific task
Concept Quiz 2) The central nervous system consists of the: a) b) c) d) efferent nerves. afferent nerves. brain and spinal cord. somatic division and autonomic division.
Concept Quiz 3) Melissa has suffered brain damage and is now unable to recognize objects by looking at them. She is, however, able to recognize objects by touching them. Melissa’s disorder is called: a) b) c) d) apraxia. visual agnosia. prosopagnosia. aphasia.
Concept Quiz 4) The most common type (99 percent) of neurons are: a) b) c) d) motor neurons. interneurons. sensory neurons. primary neurons.
Concept Quiz 5) The destabilization-restabilization sequence of a neuron’s cell membrane, caused by the movement of ions across the cell membrane, is called: a) b) c) d) an action potential. a resting potential. an exitation threshold. a propagation pattern.
Video Clips
This concludes the presentation slides for Chapter 3 For more learning resources, visit the Study. Space at http: //www. wwnorton. com/college/psychology 8/
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