Glaciers and Glaciation Glaciers are thick ice masses

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Glaciers and Glaciation

Glaciers and Glaciation

Glaciers are thick ice masses that originate on land from the accumulation, compaction, and

Glaciers are thick ice masses that originate on land from the accumulation, compaction, and recrystallization of snow. Glaciers are part of the hydrologic cycle. Glaciers account for 2% of the world’s water.

Glacier Types 1. Valley (Alpine) • Are confined to mountain valleys. • They are

Glacier Types 1. Valley (Alpine) • Are confined to mountain valleys. • They are smaller than ice sheets, and • only cover a small region.

Alpine Glaciers Not in notes.

Alpine Glaciers Not in notes.

Glacier Types 2. Ice sheets (Continental glacier) • Are large scale. • They are

Glacier Types 2. Ice sheets (Continental glacier) • Are large scale. • They are not confined to valleys. • They cover 10% of Earth’s land can be 1 500 m or more thick! Greenland – 1. 7 million km 2 Antarctica – 15. 5 million km 2

Continental Glaciers Some parts are more than 25 000 years old. Not in notes.

Continental Glaciers Some parts are more than 25 000 years old. Not in notes.

Continental Glaciers • If all of Antarctica’s ice melted then: – sea level would

Continental Glaciers • If all of Antarctica’s ice melted then: – sea level would rise 60 to 70 m – it would provide enough water to feed the Amazon River for 5 000 years and all of the world’s rivers for 750 years. Not in notes.

Formation of Glacial Ice From Snow From fluffy snow to crystallized grains.

Formation of Glacial Ice From Snow From fluffy snow to crystallized grains.

Formation of Glacial Ice From Snow • A change in shape of snowflakes occurs.

Formation of Glacial Ice From Snow • A change in shape of snowflakes occurs. They become smaller, thicker, and more spherical as a result of evaporation and condensation. • As a result, air space decreases and the snow recrystallizes into a more dense mass of small grains called firn.

 • As more snow is added the pressure increases causing compaction. • When

• As more snow is added the pressure increases causing compaction. • When the thickness exceeds 50 m, firn is fused into a solid mass of interlocking ice crystals.

Not in notes.

Not in notes.

Glacier Movement Two types: 1. Plastic Flow. – Normally ice behaves as a brittle

Glacier Movement Two types: 1. Plastic Flow. – Normally ice behaves as a brittle solid. But when it is 50 m or more thick it behaves as a plastic material. Layers within the ice slide past each other.

2. Basal Slip. • When the entire ice mass slips along the ground. •

2. Basal Slip. • When the entire ice mass slips along the ground. • Meltwater is thought to act as a lubricant helping ice flow over rock. – As pressure increases, melting point decreases, so there can be liquid water at temperatures below 0°C

 • The rate of movement is not uniform throughout. • Frictional drag slows

• The rate of movement is not uniform throughout. • Frictional drag slows the movement. – Friction is greatest at the base of the glacier. – Friction is also high along valley walls.

Glacier Movement

Glacier Movement

Glacier Movement • The uppermost zone of ice (< 50 m deep) remains brittle.

Glacier Movement • The uppermost zone of ice (< 50 m deep) remains brittle. This is the zone of fracture. • Ice here is carried by movement below. Tension forces can cause cracking and the formation of crevasses up to 50 m deep.

Pollution Sampling

Pollution Sampling

Even though the ice front was retreating, the ice within the glacier was still

Even though the ice front was retreating, the ice within the glacier was still advancing! Glacier Movement Not in notes. Rhode Glacier, Switzerland

Glacier Budget In Zone of accumulation: - Snow Out Ablation – loss of ice

Glacier Budget In Zone of accumulation: - Snow Out Ablation – loss of ice or snow : - Melting - Calving - icebergs

Glacier Budget

Glacier Budget

l glacier “budget” Balance between accumulation at upper end & loss (“ablation”) at lower

l glacier “budget” Balance between accumulation at upper end & loss (“ablation”) at lower end l snowline Lower limit of “zone of accumulation” l zone of wastage Net loss (melting) l calving Large ice pieces break off Not in notes.

l calving Large ice pieces break off

l calving Large ice pieces break off

Glacier Erosion Occurs in two ways: Plucking – the loosening and lifting blocks of

Glacier Erosion Occurs in two ways: Plucking – the loosening and lifting blocks of rock and incorporating them into the ice (frost wedging plays a major part) Abrasion – ice and its load act like sandpaper scraping the bedrock surface (resulting grit is called rock flour)

plucking

plucking

Glacier Erosion Striations – grooves can result from debris that is carried by the

Glacier Erosion Striations – grooves can result from debris that is carried by the ice scratching into the bedrock. Striations show the direction of ice movement. Rock polishing – can result from the movement of fine grit over bedrock

abrasion - glacier+rock fragments scrape over bedrock Not in notes.

abrasion - glacier+rock fragments scrape over bedrock Not in notes.

Rate of Erosion • Depends on: – Rate of glacial movement – Thickness of

Rate of Erosion • Depends on: – Rate of glacial movement – Thickness of ice – Shape, abundance, and hardness of rock fragments carried – Susceptibility of surface to erosion

Glacial Landforms Valley Glaciers – tend to accentuate the landscape. Ice Sheets – tend

Glacial Landforms Valley Glaciers – tend to accentuate the landscape. Ice Sheets – tend to subdue the landscape. Glaciers take the path of least resistance by following existing stream valleys.

V-shaped river valleys become Ushaped glacial troughs. Pater noster lakes Or rock basin lakes

V-shaped river valleys become Ushaped glacial troughs. Pater noster lakes Or rock basin lakes

Main glaciers cut deeper than tributary glaciers because they are thicker. When the glaciers

Main glaciers cut deeper than tributary glaciers because they are thicker. When the glaciers recede, hanging valleys are formed.

As ice flows around sharp curves, spurs of land extending into the valley are

As ice flows around sharp curves, spurs of land extending into the valley are removed forming truncated spurs. Truncated spurs – are eroded triangular- shaped cliffs in previously glaciated valleys.

Arete – is a narrow , knifelike ridge separating two adjacent glaciated valleys.

Arete – is a narrow , knifelike ridge separating two adjacent glaciated valleys.

Cirque – an amphitheatre-shaped basin at the head of a glaciated valley. It is

Cirque – an amphitheatre-shaped basin at the head of a glaciated valley. It is the area of snow accumulation and ice formation. Tarn – a small lake in a cirque.

Horn – a pyramid-like peak formed by glacial action in three or more cirques

Horn – a pyramid-like peak formed by glacial action in three or more cirques surrounding a mountain summit. Matterhorn in the Swiss Alps

Valley Glaciers Not in notes.

Valley Glaciers Not in notes.

Glacial Deposits • The bedrock in many areas is buried under tens or even

Glacial Deposits • The bedrock in many areas is buried under tens or even hundreds of metres of till from past continental glaciation. • Glacial deposits are largely mechanically weathered rock rubble. Little chemical weathering prior to deposition would have occurred.

Two distinct types 1. Till – material deposited directly by the glacier. It consists

Two distinct types 1. Till – material deposited directly by the glacier. It consists of unsorted sediment. 2. Sorted Sediments – material laid down by glacial meltwater

Till Deposits Moraine - a pile of debris that has been transported and deposited

Till Deposits Moraine - a pile of debris that has been transported and deposited by a glacier Erratics – are boulders left on the surface after the ice has melted

end moraine: ridge of till at the end of stable glacier recessional moraine: all

end moraine: ridge of till at the end of stable glacier recessional moraine: all other end moraines other than the terminal moraine lateral moraine: debris on the sides of glacier medial moraine: forms where two lateral moraines join

Not in notes.

Not in notes.

Terminal Moraine – is the furthest A kettle lake reaching debris forms when a

Terminal Moraine – is the furthest A kettle lake reaching debris forms when a that is pushed depression left by along in front of a chunk of ice fills the glacier with water. Ground Moraine debris accumulated under the glacier

Ground moraine has a leveling effect – filling in low spots, clogging stream channels,

Ground moraine has a leveling effect – filling in low spots, clogging stream channels, and causing a destruction of any existing drainage system. Ground Moraine

Formation of a Terminal Moraine Not in notes.

Formation of a Terminal Moraine Not in notes.

What type of moraine is this? Not in notes.

What type of moraine is this? Not in notes.

What type of moraine is this? Not in notes.

What type of moraine is this? Not in notes.

What is this feature called? Not in notes.

What is this feature called? Not in notes.

l Drumlins Smooth elongated parallel hills formed from continental ice sheets. They occur in

l Drumlins Smooth elongated parallel hills formed from continental ice sheets. They occur in clusters called drumlin fields. Thought to be formed in the plastic zone from the reshaping of previously deposited glacial till.

Not in notes.

Not in notes.

Sorted Sediment Deposits • • Kettles (can also occur in till deposits) Outwash plains

Sorted Sediment Deposits • • Kettles (can also occur in till deposits) Outwash plains Kames Eskers

Kettle Lakes

Kettle Lakes

Outwash Plain – As meltwater leaves a glacier and moves to flatter ground, velocity

Outwash Plain – As meltwater leaves a glacier and moves to flatter ground, velocity decreases and sediment is dropped. Braided channels eventually form.

Not in notes.

Not in notes.

Kame – mound of well-sorted till

Kame – mound of well-sorted till

Esker – long, narrow, sinuous ridge of sorted sand gravel deposited by meltwater rivers

Esker – long, narrow, sinuous ridge of sorted sand gravel deposited by meltwater rivers flowing in confined channels within, on top of, and beneath a mass of motionless ice.

Not in notes.

Not in notes.

How would you know that this valley was not carved by the river which

How would you know that this valley was not carved by the river which flows in it today?