Giving in Europe How much by whom and
Giving in Europe How much, by whom, and for which causes? René Bekkers Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Who does what in philanthropy? Donors € Intermediary organizations grants programs Recipients
The Philanthropy Matrix Antecedents Behaviors Consequences 3 levels: Macro Meso Micro 3
The Philanthropy Matrix Antecedents Behaviors Consequences 3 levels: Macro Meso Micro 4
The Philanthropy Matrix Antecedents Behaviors Consequences 3 levels: Macro Meso Micro 5
The Philanthropy Matrix Antecedents Behaviors Consequences 3 levels: Macro Meso Micro 6
The Philanthropy Matrix Antecedents Behaviors Consequences 3 levels: Macro Meso Micro 7
The Philanthropy Matrix Antecedents Behaviors Consequences 3 levels: Macro Meso Micro 8
The Philanthropy Matrix Antecedents Behaviors Consequences 3 levels: Macro Meso Micro 9
Philanthropy in the Netherlands 6000 524 Millions of Euros 5000 4000 3000 2007 2015 301 289 2000 1000 0 2611 Lotteries Corporations Foundations Bequests Households
How many Europeans give to charity? 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% GR ES HU PT CZ IT PL FR European Social Survey BE FI DE AT Eurobarometer LU DK Gallup SE GB IE NL
Economic value: Europe …at least
In a perfect world… Ideal
Quality of data: Individual Giving Facts
Quality of data: Bequest Giving Facts
Quality of data: Corporate Giving Facts
Quality of Data: Foundation Giving Facts
Quality of data: Lottery Giving Facts
Giving in Europe (Lower bound estimates, 2013) € 41, 3 bn € 87, 5 billion € 4, 8 bn € 21, 7 bn € 16, 8 bn € 2, 8 bn Results
Charitable Goals ? Philanthropy Week 2016
Charitable Goals: Households
Economic value: Europe 140 Household giving in € billions 120 100 80 60 40 Philanthropy ≈ mugs & tea towels 20 0 non-alcoholic beverages glassware, tableware, and household utensils philanthropy
Government and giving: global r =. 00 Excluding US: r =. 01
Taxes and giving: Europe r =. 52
What makes people give? People give more (often) when 1. There is a clear need 2. They are being asked 3. Costs are lower, and benefits are higher 4. They care about the recipients 5. They receive social benefits 6. They receive psychological benefits 7. The cause matches their values 8. Donations are perceived to be efficient need solicitation costs/benefits altruism reputation self-rewards values efficacy www. understandingphilanthropy. com
CROWDING-OUT EFFECT: EMPIRICS Experimental studies: -0. 64 Non-experimental studies: +0. 06 De Wit, A. & Bekkers, R. (2016). Government support and charitable donations: A meta-analysis of the crowding-out hypothesis. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 27(2): 301 -319, https: //doi. org/10. 1093/jopart/muw 044
Does giving make donors happy? Donors Private benefit € Intermediary organizations Match: x 2 grants programs Public benefit September 20, 2018 5 th Science of Philanthropy Conference, Indianapolis Recipients 34
Amounts donated 80 69. 8 70 72. 7 +4% 60 50 no matching 40 30 20 23. 9 matching +41% 16. 9 10 0 September 20, 2018 population millionaires 5 th Science of Philanthropy Conference, Indianapolis 35
Happy givers 10 9 8 7. 44 7. 87 7. 36 7. 51 7. 87 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 satisfaction with life before experiment no lottery mood after experiment keepers givers €
Population sample: match group 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7. 36 7. 44 7. 41 7. 46 no lottery (n = 425) kept (n = 299) mood September 20, 2018 7. 49 7. 33 7. 53 7. 70 gave € 50 (n = 85) gave € 100 (n = 27) satisfaction with life 5 th Science of Philanthropy Conference, Indianapolis 37
Millionaires: match group 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 8. 18 8. 17 7. 97 8. 06 no lottery (n = 142) kept (n = 79) mood September 20, 2018 8. 26 8. 11 8. 00 8. 13 gave € 50 (n = 32) gave € 100 (n = 197) satisfaction with life 5 th Science of Philanthropy Conference, Indianapolis 38
Fundraising advice You can raise more by… 1. Clearly describing the need 2. Make the ask 3. Lower costs, give perks 4. Appeal to empathy 5. Make gifts visible to others 6. Make donors feel good 7. Identify the values in your mission 8. Describe gifts as more efficient need solicitation costs/benefits altruism reputation self-rewards values efficacy www. understandingphilanthropy. com
Contact: René Bekkers Center for Philanthropic Studies Department of Sociology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam r. bekkers@vu. nl Blog: http: //renebekkers. wordpress. com Twitter: @renebekkers ERNOP: www. ernop. eu
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