Girth Flanges With Ring Type Gaskets BOLTED JOINTS

Girth Flanges With Ring Type Gaskets BOLTED JOINTS DESIGN AND SELECTION

Bolted Joints Design And Selection �Gasket Types and Selection �Surface finish �Body flange Type and selection �Body Flange Design Review of Appendix 2 of ASME Sec VIII, Div 1 Other Design References, TEMA, Castti, Handbooks.

Gasket Types and Selection � Gaskets can be classified into two main categories: Source : http: //www. seal-mart. com/

Gasket Types and Selection Source : http: //www. seal-mart. com/

Gasket Types and Selection �Surface Finish Smooth finish: no definite tool marking must be apparent with the naked eye. According to MSS SP-6 -1996, three classes : ▪ Class 1: Ra < 63 µin (1. 6 µm) ▪ For metal to metal Contact : ex. Double Metal Jacketed, Ring Type Joint ▪ Class 2: Ra < 125 µin (3. 2 µm) ▪ Male and female, small, and tongue and groove ▪ Class 3: Ra < 250 µin (6. 3 µm) ▪ (raised face flanges and large male or female faces). Either a serrated concentric or serrated spiral finish having a resultant surface finish from 125 µin. to 250 µin. average roughness shall be furnished Cold Water Finish ▪ the flange face appears as mirror like, usually expected to be used without gasket (metal-to-metal contact) Source : ASME B 16. 47 – 1996, From Piping Equipment (TC) Page 341

Gasket Types and Selection �Gasket Selection Based on Pressure

Flange Types and Selection �Lap Joint �Slip On �Welding Neck

Flange Types and Selection �Lap Joint Ø Where flange and parent material are not weld able Ex. Titanium channel/Pipe Vs. Carbon Flange

Flange Types and Selection �Slip On Ø For Non-lethal service only

Flange Types and Selection �Welding Neck Ø Ø Ø Most Frequently Used Full radiography is possible Strong Joint

ASME App. 2 � 2 -1(a): Scope Appendix 2 applies to the bolted flange connections with gaskets that are entirely within the circle enclosed by the bolt holes and with no contact outside this circle requirements in Subsections A, B, and C of this Division shall be met thickness of supported or unsupported tubesheets integral with a bolting flange as illustrated in Fig. UW-13. 2 sketches (h) through (l) or Fig. UW-13. 3 sketch (c) can not be determined by Appendix 2.

ASME App. 2 � 2 -1(a): Scope Appendix 2 only considers hydrostatic end loads and gasket seating methods outlined in 2 -4 to 2 -8 are applicable to circular flanges under internal pressure. methods outlined in 2 -9 and 2 -10 are applicable to the design of split and noncircular flanges. methods outlined in 2 -11 are applicable to flanges with ring type gaskets subject to external pressure. methods outlined in 2 -12 are applicable to flanges with nut-stops, methods outlined in are applicable to 2 -13 are applicable to reverse flanges. methods outlined in 2 -14 are applicable to calculating rigidity factors

ASME App. 2 �Scope: 2 -1(b), Inputs and outputs Outputs Inputs Gasket Mat. , Type, and Dimensions (Go, Gi , Thk) flange Mat. , Type, Facing, And Size, (OD, ID, Thk) Bolting(Mat. , Size, No. ) hub proportions(g 0, g 1, h) Stresses (2 -7) • Longitudinal hub stress • Radial flange stress • Tangential flange stress • Stresses shall not Exceed Allowable Listed in 2 -8 Rigidity Index (2 -14) • Shall Not Exceed 1.

ASME App. 2 � 2 -1(c, d, e): Scope (c) It is recommended that bolted flange connections conforming to the standards listed in UG-44 be used for connections to external piping. (d) Except as otherwise provided in (c) above, bolted flange connections for unfired pressure vessels shall satisfy the requirements in this Appendix. (e) other types of flanged connections provided they are designed in accordance with good engineering practice and method of design is acceptable to the Inspector. ▪ (1) flanged covers as shown in Fig. 1 -6; ▪ (2) bolted flanges using full-face gaskets; ▪ (3) flanges using means other than bolting to restrain

ASME App. 2 � 2 -2: Material (a) Materials used in the construction of bolted flange connections shall comply with the requirements given in UG-4 through UG-14. (b) Flanges made from ferritic steel and designed in accordance with this Appendix shall be full-annealed, normalized and tempered, or quenched and tempered when the thickness of the flange section exceeds 3 in. (75 mm). (c) Welding shall not be performed on steel that has a carbon content greater than 0. 35%. All welding on flange connections shall comply with the requirements for post weld heat treatment given in this Division.

ASME App. 2 � 2 -2 (d): Material (1) hubbed flanges may be fabricated from ▪ ▪ Hot rolled or Forged billet Forged bar In this case The axis of the finished flange shall be parallel to the long axis of the original billet or bar but they do not need to be concentric (2) Hubbed flanges can be made from Plate or bar stock Material only if the material has been formed into a ring and: ▪ (a) the original plate surfaces are parallel to the axis of the finished flange but this dose not mean that Machining of the original surface after rolling is not permitted. ▪ (b) the joints in the ring are welded butt joints that conform to the requirements of this Division. Thickness to be used to determine postweld heat treatment and radiography requirements shall be the lesser of t or (A − B)/2

From Plate Material Hubed Flanges made ASME App. 2

ASME App. 2 � 2 -2 (e): Material � It is recommended that bolts and studs have a nominal diameter of not less than 1/2 in. (13 mm). If bolts or studs smaller than 1⁄2 in. (13 mm) are used, ferrous bolting material shall be of alloy steel.

ASME App. 2 � 2 -3 : Notation

ASME App. 2 � 2 -4 (a): Flange Types � (1) Loose Type Flanges. This type covers those designs in which the flange has no direct connection to the nozzle neck, vessel, or pipe wall,

ASME App. 2 � 2 -4 (a): Flange Types (2) Integral Type Flanges. This type covers designs where the flange is cast or forged integrally with the nozzle neck, vessel or pipe wall, butt welded thereto, or attached by other forms of arc or gas welding of such a nature that the flange and nozzle neck, vessel or pipe wall is considered to be the equivalent of an integral structure.

ASME App. 2 � 2 -4 (a) : Flange Types (3) Optional Type Flanges. ▪ This type covers designs where the attachment of the flange to the nozzle neck, vessel or pipe wall is such that the assembly is considered to act as a unit, which shall be calculated as an integral flange, except that for simplicity the designer may calculate the construction as a loose type flange provided none of the following values is exceeded: go = 5/8 in. (16 mm) B / go = 300 P = 300 psi (2 MPa) operating temperature = 700°F (370°C)

ASME App. 2 � 2 -5 : Bolt Loads, Areas Operating Bolt Load Wm 1 (KN) : ▪ Wm 1 = H + Hp = 0. 785 G 2 P + (2 b 3. 14 G m P) + 2 b r rl m’ P ASME 2 -5 (c) (1) Formula (1) ▪ Am 1 = Wm 1/So Seating Bolt Load Wm 2 (KN): ▪ Wm 2 = 3. 14 b G Y ASME 2 -5 (c) (1) Formula (2) ▪ Am 2 = Wm 2/Sa + b r rl Y’ TEMA RCB-11. 7 Requ. Bolt Area Am (mm^2): ▪ Am = max(Am 1, Am 2) Design Bolt Load W (KN): ▪ ▪ Ope. Bolt Up W = Wm 1 W = (Am+Ab)/2 * Sa TEMA RCB-11. 7

ASME App. 2 � 2 -5 : Table 2 -5. 2 Gasket Widths Actual Width ------- N Basic Width ------- b 0 Effective width ----- b Cb = 2. 5 (SI Units) Cb =. 5 (US Customary Units )

ASME App. 2 � 2 -5 : Table 2 -5. 1 M factor and Y factor

ASME App. 2 � 2 -5 : Bolt Load Schematic Diagram

ASME App. 2 � 2 -6 : Flange Moment Ope. Condition For Integral Type LOADS MOMENT ARMS h. D = R+. 5*g 1 HG = W-H h. G = (C-G)/2 HT = H-HD h. T = (R+g 1+h. G)/2 From Table 2 -6 HD =. 785*B 2*P Hp= 2 b 3. 14 G*m*P R = (C-B)/2 – g 1

ASME App. 2 � 2 -6 : Flange Moment Ope. Condition For Integral Type LOADS HD =. 785*B 2*P h. D = R+. 5*g 1 HG = W-H h. G = (C-G)/2 HT = H-HD h. T = (R+g 1+h. G)/2 From Table 2 -6 hydrostatic end force on area inside of flange MOMENT ARMS Hp= 2 b 3. 14 G*m*P R = (C-B)/2 – g 1

ASME App. 2 � 2 -6 : Flange Moment Ope. Condition For Integral Type LOADS MOMENT ARMS HD =. 785*B 2*P h. D = R+. 5*g 1 HG = W-H h. G = (C-G)/2 HT = H-HD h. T = (R+g 1+h. G)/2 From Table 2 -6 gasket load (difference between flange design bolt load and total hydrostatic end force) Hp= 2 b 3. 14 G*m*P R = (C-B)/2 – g 1

ASME App. 2 � 2 -6 : Flange Moment Ope. Condition For Integral Type LOADS MOMENT ARMS HD =. 785*B 2*P h. D = R+. 5*g 1 HG = W-H h. G = (C-G)/2 HT = H-HD h. T = (R+g 1+h. G)/2 From Table 2 -6 difference between total hydrostatic end force and the hydrostatic end force on area inside of flange Hp= 2 b 3. 14 G*m*P R = (C-B)/2 – g 1

ASME App. 2 � 2 -6 : Flange Moment Ope. And Bolt Up • W = Wm 1 Ope. : • Mo = HD*h. D + HT*h. T+ HG*h. G • W = (Am + Ab)/2 * Sa Bolt Up: • Mo = W *(C-G)/2

ASME App. 2 � 2 -6 : Bolt Spacing Max Bolt Spacing (TEMA RCB-11. 22) (ASME 2 -5 d for lethal service): ▪ Bmax = 2*a + 6 t /(m + 0. 5) Bolt Correction Factor ▪ ASME 2 -6 When the bolt spacing exceeds 2 a + t, multiply MO by the bolt spacing correction factor BSC for calculating flange stress Bsc = (B / (2 a+t) )^. 5 ▪ TEMA RCB-11. 23 Bsc = (B / Bmax )^. 5

ASME App. 2 � 2 -7 : CALCULATION OF FLANGE STRESSES Integral Flanges Longitudinal hub stress: Loose Type Flanges Longitudinal hub stress: Radial flange stress: Tangential flange stress:

ASME App. 2 � 2 -8 : ALLOWABLE FLANGE DESIGN STRESSES � 2 -8 (1) longitudinal hub stress SH for cast iron: SH < S f for other material: SH < 1. 5 S f (except as otherwise limited by (1)(a) and (1)(b) below) 2 -8(1) a : For Optional Type Flanges Designed as Integral Fig. 2 -4 sketches (8), (8 a), (9 a), (10 a), and (11) also integral type [Fig. 2 -4 sketch (7)] where the neck material constitutes the hub of the flange SH < 1. 5 S f Or 1. 5 Sn 2 -8 (1) b: for integral type flanges with hub welded to the neck, pipe or vessel wall [Fig. 2 -4 sketches (6), (6 a), and (6 b)] SH < 1. 5 S f Or 2. 5 Sn

ASME App. 2 � 2 -8 : ALLOWABLE FLANGE DESIGN STRESSES 2 -8 (2) radial flange stress SR SR < S f � 2 -8 (3) tangential flange stress ST ST < S f � 2 -8 (4) also (SH + SR ) / 2 < Sf and (SH + ST ) / 2 < Sf. �

ASME App. 2 � 2 -14 : FLANGE RIGIDITY (SH + ST ) / 2 < Sf.

ASME App. 2 �Bolted Flange Design With Pvelit:

ASME App. 2 � Bolted Flange Design With Pvelit:

Bolted Flanges In TEMA � � 2 -3) Fabrication Tolerances 2 -4) Permissible imperfections in flange facing flnlsh E-3. 25 RECOMMENDED BOLT TIGHTENING PROCEDURE RCB-1. 515 END FLANGES � RCB-1. 517 TUBES, BOLTING AND FLOATING HEAD BACKING DEVICES � Corrosion allowance shall be applied only to the inside diameter of flanges where exposed to the fluids. Tubes, bolting and floating head backing devices are not required to have corrosion allowance. RCB-6 GASKETS R-6. 2 GASKET MATER 1 ALS Metal jacketed or solid metal gaskets shall be used for internal floating head joints, all joints for pressures of 300 psi (2068 k. Pa) and over, and for all joints in contact with hydrocarbons. Other gasket materials may be specified by agreement between purchaser and manufacturer to meet special service conditions and flange design. When two gasketed joints are compressed by the same bolting, provisions shall be made so that both gaskets seal, but neither gasket is crushed at the required bolt load � CB-6. 2 GASKET MATERIALS For design pressures of 300 psi (2068 k. Pa) and lower, composition gaskets may be used for external joints, unless temperature or corrosive nature of contained Ruid indicates otherwise. Metal jacketed, filled or solid metal gaskets shall be used for all joints for design pressures greater than 300 psi (2068 k. Pa) and for internal floating head joints.

Bolted Flanges In TEMA � RCB-6. 3 PERIPHERAL GASKETS RC-6. 31 The minimum width of peripheral ring gaskets for external joints shall be 3/8" (9. 5 mm) for shell sizes through 23 in. (584 mm) nominal diameter and ½” (12. 7 mm) for all larger shell sizes. B-6. 31 The minimum width of peripheral ring gaskets for external joints shall be 3/8" (9. 5 mm) for shell sizes through 23 in. (584 mm) nominal diameter and ½” (12. 7 mm) for all larger shell sizes. Full face gaskets shall be used for all cast iron flanges. RCB-6. 32 The minimum width of peripheral ring gaskets for internal joints shall be 1/4" (6. 4 mm) for all shell sizes. R-6. 33 Peripheral gasket contact surfaces shall have a flatness tolerance of 1/32" (0. 8 mm) maximum deviation from any reference plane. This maximum deviation shall not occur in less than a 20" (0. 3 Rad) arc. CB-6. 33 Flatness of peripheral gasket contact surfaces shall be sufficient to meet the requirements of Paragraph RCB-1. 3.

Bolted Flanges In TEMA � RCB-6. 4 PASS PARTITION GASKETS � R-6. 5 GASKET JOINT DETAILS � The width of gasket web for pass partitions of channels, bonnets, and floating heads shall be not less than 1/4' (6. 4 mm) for shell sizes through 23 in. (584 mm) nominal diameter and not less than 3/8" (9. 5 mm) for all larger shell sizes. Gasketed joints shall be of a confined type. CB-6. 5 GASKET JOINT DETAILS Gasketed joints shall be of a confined or unconfined type.

Bolted Flanges In TEMA RCB-11 END FLANGES AND BOLTING ▪ R-11. l MINIMUM BOLT Sl. ZE The minimum permissible bolt diameter is 3/4" (M 20). Sizes 1” and smaller shall be Coarse Thread Series, and larger sizes shall be 8 - P itch Thread Series. Dimensional standards are included in Section 9, Table D-5. Metric thread pitch is shown in Section 9, Table D-5 M. RCB-11. 2 BOLT CIRCLE LAYOUT ▪ RCB-11. 21 MINIMUM RECOMMENDED BOLT SPACING The minimum recommended spacing between bolt centers is given in Section 9, Table D-5 or D-5 M. ▪ RCB-11. 22 MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED BOLT SPACING

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