Gilded Age Urbanization and Immigration Cause and Effect

Gilded Age: Urbanization and Immigration Cause and Effect

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SS. 912. A. 3. 2 Examine the social, political, and economic causes, course, and consequences of the second Industrial Revolution that began in the late 19 th century. SS. 912. A. 3. 6 Analyze changes that occurred as the United States shifted from agrarian to an industrial society. SS. 912. A. 3. 7 Compare the experience of European immigrants in the east to that of Asian immigrants in the west (the Chinese Exclusion Act, Gentlemen's Agreement with Japan). SS. 912. A. 3. 9 Examine causes, course, and consequences of the labor movement in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries.

Leading to the Age of Big Business Source http: //diazsocialstudies. org/ahistory_units_1. htm#UNIT 6. 1

Main Idea • The Industrial Revolution brought more immigrants to the United States. • With big business in full swing this brought about new ways of doing business including consolidations, mergers, trust, monopolies and the need for government regulation.

Labor and Big Business • Industry was growing • With the new inventions people could produce more • Business wanted to produce as much as possible for as cheap as possible

Factors of Production • Land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship are the building blocks for an economy • They need to work together to make a business successful • Businesses grew using these ideas

Big Business As a business grew and got bigger the boss needed to change how they controlled the company. • Single stores opened other stores creating a cooperation. • Vertical integration- mergers occurred and supply chains were formed • In 1897 there were 69 mergers in 1899 there were 1208. • Horizontal integration- monopolies where one company controlled a group of products from different businesses

Big Business • • • You could purchase portions of companies through stocks or investments Holding companies were created to manage stock or interest in a company Everyone was out to make it rich and the business world was very competitive

Big Business Get Too Big • Business were creating trust, merging and developing monopolies too grow and gain power • Robber Barons- bankers and business owners who used inappropriate means to get rich

Big Business Get Too Big Sherman Antitrust Act • An antitrust law (or "competition law") which declared trust illegal was passed by Congress in 1890. • People questioned business methods and policies • The government stepped in to establish rules.

Big Business Leads to a Labor Movement Source http: //diazsocialstudies. org/ahistory_units_1. htm#UNIT 6. 1

Unions Take On Big Business • People were working long hours, for little money, in dangerous conditions • They wanted change • Unions were organizing and began advocating for employee rights

Unions take on Big Business Labor Unions Form • Enough was Enough • Labor Unions formed with organized workers fighting for better working conditions Knights of Labor (1869) • Welcomed skilled and unskilled labor • Worked for social reform and improvements in the workplace • Called for 8 hour shifts American Federation of Labor (1886) • focused on securing better wages and working conditions for workers

Going on Strike There were times when the unions needed to take action to be heard. This meant they went on strike and employees did not go to work. Haymarket Riot: • A labor protest rally near Chicago’s Haymarket Square • turned into a riot after someone threw a bomb at police Homestead Strike: • An industrial lockout and strike ending up in a fight between strikers and private security agents Pullman Strike: • Railroad strike that disrupted rail traffic • The federal government’s response to the unrest was the first time that an injunction was used to break a strike

What impact did this have on people? The huge wave of immigrants and the rapid growth of cities forced the United States to overcome many problems

Old Immigrants and New Immigrants

Coming to America • America was seen as the land of opportunity • It offered religious and political freedoms • American becomes a melting pot

The New Immigrants • From 1870 to 1920, about 20 million Europeans came to the U. S • Mostly from southern and eastern Europe like Italy, Austria-Hungary, Greece, and Russia

The New Immigrants From China • By 1882, about 300, 000 Chinese immigrants came to the U. S. • Congress sharply limited their immigration with the Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 • This said that Chinese workers were not allowed to come to America for 10 years

The New Immigrants From Japan • By 1920, about 200, 000 Japanese lived on the West Coast • California was concerned with the growing population • Japan wanted to continue good relations with the United States A Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907) • Agreed that the US would not impose restrictions on Japan and Japan would not allow further emigration to the U. S.

The New Immigrants The Gateways to America These locations served as a way to process immigrants coming to the U. S. • Ellis Island in NYC for the East Coast (Europeans) • Angel Island in San Francisco (Asians)

Immigrants Settle in Cities • Most immigrants who came to the U. S. lived in the cities • By 1910, immigrant families made up more than 1/2 of the total population of 18 major U. S. cities • Cities offered convenient places to live and workers steady jobs in mills and factories

Urbanization New inventions and technology led to the U. S. becoming a leading industrial country. The result was rapid industrialization or growth of cities.

Moving from the Country to the City New technology on farms • Led to fewer workers were needed to work the land. • Many rural people to move to cities to find work.

Moving to the City Great Migration • To escape discrimination, violence, etc. many African Americans in the south moved north to cities such as Chicago and Detroit

Urban Living As urban population rapidly went up cities could not keep up with demands and created growing concerns: • Housing • Transportation • Water • Sanitation • Crime

Housing • New immigrants, lived in "tenements" • Several families would live in one tenement • They were often overcrowded and unsanitary also referred to as slums • NYC passed laws to have better living conditions such as plumbing and ventilation

Transportation • • • Mass transit were constructed This allowed large numbers of people to move around the city Street cars, electric subways were used to help with the over crowded cities.

Water and Air Condition in the Cities • Drinking water was poor • Access to safe water was limited • Air quality was poor and many tenements did not have needed air ventilation • Diseases such as cholera and typhoid were common

Sanitation • Keeping cities clean was a problem • There was no place for trash, horse manure and sewage to go • Air quality was poor with smoke in the air • Cities needed to develop sewer lines and sanitation departments but this took time

Crime in Cities • As populations increased, so did crime. • Pickpockets and thieves were common. • NYC organized the first full time police force • During this time police forces did not make a huge impact on crime

Problems with Fires • Most cities had limited water supply • When fires broke out, they would spread very quickly • By 1900, most major cities had full time fire departments

Urban Reform The Settlement House Movement Settlement houses were created to help immigrants • Help immigrants assimilate into American culture • Built as community centers in neighborhoods that provided assistance • Houses offered social services, day care, training, public kitchens and public baths • They also provided educational classes and health care from nurses for the sick

Urban Reform The Social Gospel Movement • Churches, as part of their faith, preached that Christians should help the poor through service

Additional Resources http: //floridastudents. org/Preview. Resource/Student. Resource/151552 Coming to America: The Era of Mass Immigration- online tutorial http: //floridastudents. org/Preview. Resource/Student. Resource/154928 Crash Course Immigrant Cities- video on influx of immigrants. http: //immigrants 1900. weebly. com/index. html article on why people immigrated to America https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=u 4 WOQn. Ni. OSQ Video on Immigration 4 minutes (text goes quickly, but spotlights many of the photos from the time http: //teacher. scholastic. com/activities/immigration/ explore Ellis Island virtually http: //immigrants 1900. weebly. com/living-conditions. html article and video on life in the cities during 1900’s http: //dc. lib. unc. edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/minipage/id/2291/rec/2 people you might meet on the street in 1900’s with descriptions of their jobs http: //www. history. com/topics/tenements article on tenements in New York

Additional Resources http: //www. american-historama. org/1881 -1913 -maturation-era/urbanization-in-america. htm Article that discusses cause and effects of rapid population growths in cities https: //sites. google. com/site/5 effectsofindustrialization/effects-in-the-1800 s-1900 s article reviewing the major areas of impact from urbanization http: //dc. lib. unc. edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/minipage/id/2291/rec/2 Child Labor article http: //www. historyplace. com/unitedstates/childlabor/ Child Labor in America: Investigative Photos of Lewis Hine-article https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=SFPOO 82 AS 9 Q video on settlement houses and the movement 6 minutes https: //quizlet. com/11090803/apush-big-business-big-labor-big-cities-flash-cards/ terms and definitions for many of the key figures and vocabulary terms in this unit as flashcards and quizes https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=73 K 1_pe 4 QHE Women in the Progressive Era, 3 minutes shows some of the jobs and opportunities for women

Additional Resources https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=f. M 1 cz. S_VYDI&list=PL 8 d. Puua. Lj. Xt. Mwmep. Bj. TSG 593 e. G 7 Obz. O 7 s&index= 17 Women in the 19 th Century Crash Couse, 13 minutes https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=t 62 f. UZJvj. Os&list=PL 8 d. Puua. Lj. Xt. Mwmep. Bj. TSG 593 e. G 7 Obz. O 7 s&index=1 6 19 th Century Reforms, Crash Course in US History 15 minutes http: //floridastudents. org/Preview. Resource/Student. Resource/154934 Crash Course The Progressive Era 15 minutes video http: //floridastudents. org/Preview. Resource/Student. Resource/155047 Crash Course The Progressive Presidents, 15 minute video http: //floridastudents. org/Preview. Resource/Student. Resource/154933 Crash Course The Gilded Age Politics 15 minute video