Gilded Age Great Depression Gilded Age The external
- Slides: 47
Gilded Age- Great Depression
Gilded Age “The external glitter of wealth conceals a corrupt political core that reflects the growing gap between the very few rich and the very many poor” – Mark Twain
Inventions of the Era 1) 2) a) b) c) Thomas Edison was the master inventor of the era. Edison’s inventions included: Electric light bulb Motion pictures (movies) Phonograph
Workers and the Factories 3) The Brooklyn Bridge was built. Linking Brooklyn with NYC. 4) Originally a walkover bridge, it linked millions of workers with factories in Manhattan. 5) Henry Ford develops the 1 st automobile. 6) Ford develops “mass production” to make cars affordable while creates millions of jobs
The Radio and the Movies 7) Although not an American invention, the radio became a household item 8) Movies were widespread including genres of all types, including westerns, drama & horror 9) By the 1920 s these held a massive influence over Americans. Spreading ideas & information.
Issues of the Era 1) Growing American wealth became concentrate among an elite class. 2) Workers were exploited with low wages and dangerous working conditions. 3) Women’s work was isolated mainly to teachers, nurses and domestic servants. STILL NO RIGHT TO VOTE! 4) Child labor forced kids out of schools and into dangerous factory work and incredibly long hours
Two Forms of Monopolies
John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil 1) In 1863, Rockefeller opened an oil refinery which turned crude oil into kerosene. 2) Looking to cut costs, created his own oil delivery co. 3) In 1870, Rockefeller created Standard Oil Co. and bought out competing oil refineries. (Horizontal Integration)
John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil 4) By 1879, Standard Oil control 90% of the U. S. oil market. 5) 3 years later Rockefeller combined his companies into Stand Oil Trust to monopolize the oil industry
Ida Tarbell and the Fall of Standard Oil 1) Ida Tarbell’s father worked for an oil refinery bought by Standard Oil. 2) Rockefeller closed his refinery. 3) For 2 years, Ida investigated the business practices of Standard Oil.
Ida Tarbell and the Fall of Standard Oil 4) Published “History of Standard Oil” critical of Rockefeller’s business practices. 5) 1 st investigative journalism ever. 6) Tarbell called JDR “money mad” and accused him of destroying American lives.
Ida Tarbell and the Fall of Standard Oil 7) Her book led to the growing belief that gov’t must intervene to break up monopolies 8) Her book is 1 st in investigative journalism 9) In 1890, Supreme Court broke up Standard Oil under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
Big Business & Consolidation of Wealth 1) Development of railroad allowed for a great consolidation of wealth. 2) Laying rail required massive amounts of steel. (Andrew Carnegie) 3) Millions of miles of track produced many new railroad companies. (Jay Gould) 4) Financing the railroad required massive capital from banks and investment firms (JP Morgan. ) 5) Thus, the railroad play a major role in the consolidation of wealth.
“The Jungle” & the Meat Packing Industry 1) Sinclair goes undercover in a meat packing factory to investigate conditions faced by immigrant workers. 2) Discovered disgusting & unsanitary conditions in food processing. 3) Writes “The Jungle. ” Shocks the public who call for govt control. 4) President Theodore Roosevelt demand meat packers produce safe food. (Pure Food & Drug Act of 1906) 5) Sinclair & Ida Tarbell were muckrackers.
Samuel Gompers & American Federation of Labor 1) Factory Workers= low pay, long hours, no vacations, unsafe working conditions. 2) Samuel Gompers urges workers to unite and demand improvements. 3) Gompers creates AFL and organizes workers by trade. 4) With 4 million workers, AFL successfully improves work environment for skilled & unskilled workers. 5) AFL= 1 st successful labor union
Progressive Era 1) Early 20 th century movement to improve: a) American Democracy b) Social & economic justice c) Correct the evils of industrialization & urbanization
Political Reform 1) 17 th Amendment passed allowing public to vote on U. S. senators for 6 year terms. 2) Initiative/Referedum: voters can approve laws without state legislative approval 3) Recall: voters can kick out politicians without waiting for full term.
Economic Reform 4) Child labor laws= minimum age requirement. Only approved jobs. 5) Women= minimum wage set & maximum hours limited 6) Worksite safety inspections
Theodore Roosevelt & The Conservation Movement 1) Late 19 th c, big business could do what they wanted to environment without restriction. 2) Theodore Roosevelt believed nature could be used by humans but needed protection 3) Created National Forest Service to protect environment from misuse.
American Expansionism 1) American business looks to expand markets & acquire raw materials overseas 2) 1 st acquisition- Alaska (1867) for 7 million to Russia. “Seward’s Folly” 3) America turns attention to Caribbean particularly Spanish controlled Cuba
Spanish-American War 4) Spain’s brutal treatment of Cubans start revolution 5) U. S. send U. S. S. Maine to Havana Harbor to protect American interests. 6) U. S. S. Maine mysteriously explodes kill all 250 men aboard. 7) Leading newspapers push for war. “Remember the Maine & to Hell with Spain. ” (YELLOW JOURNALISM)
Spanish-American War 8) U. S. Navy destroys Spanish fleet in Spanish Philippines. 9) U. S. Army lands in Cuba. Navy blockades the island. 10) Theodore Roosevelt’s volunteer cavalry, Rough Riders, help defeat Spanish at San Juan Hill. 11) Spanish navy destroyed by U. S. Navy.
Territories Acquired 1) Treaty of Paris (1898) ends Spanish-American War. 2) U. S. acquires Guam, Philippines, and Puerto Rico. Cuba gets independence 3) U. S. annexed Hawaii for strategic naval base. (Pearl Harbor) 4) U. S. fought brief war in Philippines against guerilla freedom fighters. U. S. wins.
America in Latin America 1) Without Spanish interference, U. S. sought to control Latin American markets. 2) Centerpiece of control was building the Panama Canal a) shorter nautical travel b) protects assets in 2 oceans
American Neutrality & WWI 1) In August of 1914, WWI broke out between Germany & the Austria-Hungary verse England, Russia and France 2) Secret alliances drag most of Europe into the “war to end all wars. ” 3) U. S. President Woodrow Wilson declares America neutral in the war. (Neutrality Act) 4) America business continued to trade but heavily on the side of E, R, and France.
Cause of US Entrance into WWI 1) Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare against enemy and neutral nations. 2) Germany sinks Lusitania killing 125 Americans. 3) Germany knew the US would enter war. Looks for alternate plan. 4) Zimmerman Telegraph. Intercepted message from Germany to Mexico. Promises Arizona, New Mexico, and California if Mexico invades U. S. 5) U. S. declares war on Germany
American Homefront during WWI 1) President Woodrow Wilson 2) 3) 4) promises that any person not supporting war effort would pay a “penalty. ” Espionage Act of 1917 outlaws not only spying but also anyone “obstructing the war effort. ” Eugene V. Debs, union leader, gives speech telling Americans not to fight. Debs arrested and convict under Espionage Act. Serves 3 years in prison.
American Homefront during WWI 1) U. S. federal gov’t expands during war. 2) Sells Liberty Bonds to finance war. 3) Gov’t creates “boards” to oversee manufacturing, railroads, labor unions.
American Homefront during WWI 1) Wartime manufacturing creates jobs in northern factories. 2) Great Migration. African Americans move in massive waves to north to fill jobs and avoid Jim Crow in South.
WWI Ends 1) WWI ended on November 11, 1918 with the defeated Germans signing the Treaty of Versailles. 1) U. S. President Woodrow Wilson wanted an enduring peace.
U. S. President Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points 1) 14 Points included: a) Open diplomacy or no secret alliances b) Freedom of the Sea (think sub warfare) c) Remove trade barriers d) Reduce weapons e) Create an organization of countries to handle disputes aka League of Nations. 2) Congress does not ratify. Fears League of Nations will pull U. S. into more European wars.
18 th & 19 th Amendments 1) After WWI, social changes occurred with the ratification of 2 amendments. 2) 18 th Amendment outlawed the sale and consumption of alcohol. (Repealed by 21 st) 3) 19 th Amendment enfranchises women with the right to vote.
Russia Falls to Communism & Red Scare 1) Russia exits WWI early due to war with Communists (Bolshevik Revolution) 2) Communists seize power. 3) Spread of Communism to America creates 1 st Red Scare!! 4) National Origins Act passed to limit immigration. Quota system for each country.
The Roaring 20 s 1) 1920 s begins a sweeping cultural change in America made possible growth of the middle class. 2) Roaring 20 s is a swift away from rules & conformity of previous decades. 3) Visual & performing arts, literature, and music are influenced by this high time in U. S. history.
Harlem Rennaissance 1) HR is a widespread cultural movement centered in Harlem, an African American neighborhood of NYC. 2) Blacker writers like Zora Neale Huston & Langston Hughes have massive of appeal to all readers. 3) Hughes poetry is based on AA music, jazz & blues, giving it a rhythmic pacing.
The Stock Market Crash of 1929 1) The Roaring 20 s sent Americans on a spending-spree. 2) Manufacturers increased producing to meet the demand. Overproduction creates a surplus or excess in goods. 3) Many invested in “get rich quick” schemes, speculation, in real estate & the stock market. 4) Beginning on Oct 24, 1929 (Black Thursday), the stock market lost 30 billion dollars! 5) Millions of Americans and companies are sudden bankrupt.
Dust Bowl 1) 1930 s midwest U. S. went into a drought covering 75% of the nation in 27 states. 2) Topsoil has no vegetation to keep it in place. 3) For 10 years, winds blow dust cloud thousands of feet high. 4) Dust storms spread to east coast.
The Great Depression 1) By 1922, 25% of Americans were unemployed. 2) 34 million Americans were in families with no full time wager earner. 3) Charities & public assistance were overwhelmed. 4) 5, 000 banks closed. Life savings gone too.
The Great Depression 5) Men abandoned families out of shame when work could not be found. 6) Millions of homeless migrated throughout the country. 7) Photos like Migrant Mother show the effect of the GD on family life. Migrant Mother by Dorothea Lang
Pres. Hoover & GD 1. President Herbert Hoover responded slowly to the GD. 2. Believing the stock market would correct itself, Hoover did little to alleviate widespread unemployment. 3. Homeless set up shanty towns and sarcastically call them “Hoovervilles. ”
Franklin D. Roosevelt & New Deal 1. In 1932 election, FDR defeats Hoover badly. 2. 1 st 100 Days was a declaration of war on Great Depression. 3. Has Congress pass a series of bills to fight unemployment. Together they are his New Deal.
New Deal: Tennessee Valley Authority 1) New Deal creates TVA to assist 7 states along Tennessee River. (Poorest US region) 2) TVA creates 28, 000 new jobs. 3) Build dams to prevent flooding & aid environment. 4) Dams are power plants that create cheaper power.
New Deal: Wagner Act 1) FDR passes Wagner Act to allow industry workers to join labor unions. 2) Forbids companies from punishing or firing workers for unionizing. 3) Unions grew to 37% of U. S. workforce.
2 nd New Deal: Social Security Act 1) Senior Citizens hit hard by Great Depression. 2) Social Securtiy Act creates: a) old-age pension b) Unemployment insurance c) Disability pay
Criticism of FDR’s New Deal & Huey Long 1) Conservatives: FDR has made federal gov’t too big 2) Liberals: FDR’s New Deal did not go far enough. 3) Huey Long, FDR’s opponent in 1936, wanted bigger New Deal. 4) Long: Tax wealthiest to guarantee each home an income.
U. S. Supreme Court & “Court Packing” 1) U. S. Supreme Court strikes down some New Deal programs. 2) FDR angered. Threatens to “pack the court” by appointing a new justice for each current justice over 70. 3) “Court Packing” would give FDR the ability to pass all of New Deal 4) “CP” shot down by FDR’s allies.
Eleanor Roosevelt 1) FDR served 12 years as president. 2) Stricken by polio, ER acted as his “legs” to hide the disease. 3) ER was an advocate for African Americans & women. 4) She was instrumental in the creation of the Tuskegee Airmen program.
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