GHSGT Biology Review Cells n n Differentiate between

GHSGT Biology Review

Cells n n Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Comprehend the importance of homeostasis Characteristics of enzymes Characteristics of the four major biomolecules

Prokaryote or Eukaryote? n n n contains a nucleus eukaryote has a cell wall prokaryotes, some eukaryotes bacteria, for example prokaryote contains ribosomes both can be multicellular eukaryote has membrane –bound organelles eukaryote

n n n n n When first observing a specimen with a microscope, you should use the: (a) lower power objective (b) higher power objective and the (a) coarse adjustment (b) fine adjustment Answer: lower power and coarse adjustment If an eyepiece (ocular) lens magnifies 5 X and the objective magnifies 10 X, what is the total magnification? 50 X

State the cell theory. n n n The cell is the basic unit of life All organisms are made of cells All cells come from pre-existing cells

What are some common characteristics of living things? n n n n Organisms are made of cells Organisms grow and develop Organisms respond to stimuli Organisms produce similar offspring Organisms require food for life processes (metabolism) Organisms use energy to maintain homeostasis Organisms pass on genetic info to offspring

Provide several examples of homeostasis in animals n n n regulating temperature regulating osmotic balance (water levels) regulating glucose levels removing excess waste regulating salt levels regulating CO 2 levels

Match the following: 1. Chloroplasts 2. Golgi bodies 3. ribosomes 4. nucleus 5. mitochondria 6. vacuoles a. produce proteins b. contains DNA to control cell c. transform energy d. store substances e. package and distribute products f. capture solar energy for photosynthesis

Answers 1. Chloroplasts f. capture solar energy for photosynthesis 2. Golgi bodies 3. ribosomes 4. nucleus 5. mitochondria 6. vacuoles e. a. b. c. d. package and distribute products produce proteins contains DNA to control cell transform energy store substances

Describe differences between passive and active transport. n n Passive: movement of substances across the plasma membrane without using energy. Substances move from high concentration to low. Examples: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion Active: uses energy and carrier molecules. Substances move from low to high concentration. Examples: endocytosis and exocytosis

n n n Red blood cells are placed in a solution, and they shrivel. What term describes the solution? (a) hypotonic (b) hypertonic (c) isotonic (d) osmotic Answer (b) hypertonic – the solution has a higher concentration than the cells, and water diffuses out of the cells.

All organic molecules contain _____ n n n Carbon Name the 4 basic types of organic molecules in living things. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Matching n Carbohydrates n Lipids a. made of amino acids b. made of nucleotides c. made of glycerol and fatty acids d. major source of energy for n Proteins n Nucleic acids living things e. include enzymes f. include waxes g. cellulose h. RNA i. store energy

Answers n n Carbs: major source of energy, includes cellulose, stores energy Lipids: made of glycerol and fatty acids, includes glycerol, stores energy Proteins: made of amino acids, includes enzymes Nucleic acids: made of nucleotides, includes RNA

Enzymes n n n n What is the name of the molecule to which a specific enzyme binds? substrate Where does the enzyme bind with the substrate? at an active site Enzymes serve to lower the ______ energy of a reaction activation Enzymes have particular ______ and _______ ranges at which they are most effective p. H and temperature

Taxonomy n Understand the binomial nomenclature system and its basis

Answer : B Two animals in the same______ are more closely related. A. Class B. Genus C. Kingdom D. Phylum

Answer : B Which of the following is written correctly? A. B. C. D. Felis Domesticus Felis domesticus All are correct

Answer : C Two organisms classified in the same class must also be in the same_______. A. family B. genus C. phylum D. order

Energy ATP = adenosine triphosphate n n Energy is released when ______ is split into ______ plus _______. ATP to ADP + phosphate

Photosynthesis n n n Equation? 6 CO 2 + 6 H 20 + energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 What occurs during the light reactions? Water is split, oxygen released, electrons energized. What occurs during the Calvin cycle? Simple sugars are formed from CO 2 and H with energy from light reactions

How are photosynthesis and cell respiration related? n n n They are the opposite of each other. Photosynthesis involves storing energy from light 6 CO 2 +6 H 2 O + light C 6 H 12 O 6 +6 O 2 Cell Respiration converts energy from food to ATP C 6 H 12 O 6 +6 O 2 6 CO 2 +6 H 2 O + ATP (energy) What is the difference between ATP and ADP? ATP has 3 phosphates and more energy. ADP has released a phosphate and has less energy.

Cellular Respiration and ATP n n n n Glycolysis converts ____ to _____ making ____ ATPs. glucose, pyruvic acid (pyruvate), 2 The Krebs cycle produces _____ ATPs 2 The electron transport chain produces ____ ATPs up to 34 What are other products of cellular respiration? water and carbon dioxide

The branch of biology dealing with the grouping and naming of organisms is: n n n Taxonomy Name characteristics of each of the 6 kingdoms. Eubacteria: unicellular, prokaryotes, have a cell wall but no membrane-bound organelles Archaebacteria: same characteristics but live in extreme environments, different cell wall material Protista: can be unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic or autotrophic, with a cell wall or without, live in moist environments

n n n Fungi: unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic, cell wall made of chitin, cells arranged in hyphae Plantae: always multicellular and autotrophic, cell wall made of cellulose, tissues such as vascular and dermal Animalia: always multicellular and heterotrophic, no cell wall

Describe useful functions of bacteria n n Decay and decomposition Nitrogen fixation (converting nitrogen to ammonia) Help in digestion Produce foods such as cheese and yogurt

Describe positive and negative effects of protists n n Positive: produce oxygen, part of food chain, used in certain foods, can be used to make drugs, help other animals digest cellulose Negative: cause diseases (malaria, African sleeping sickness), cause red tides

Describe positive and negative aspects of fungi n n Positive: decay and decomposition, yeast to make bread rise, mushrooms and other edible fungi, medicines Negative: Rotting of materials and foods, plant and animal diseases

Describe the simplest plants. n n n Mosses, liverworts, hornworts Produce spores, not seeds No vascular tissue Remain small Live in moist environments

Describe the 2 types of seed -producing plants n n Gymnosperms: produce seeds in cones, include conifers and cycads Angiosperms: produce seeds in flowers, groups include monocots and dicots

Genetics n n n Distinguish between DNA and RNA Explain the role of DNA in storing and transmitting cellular information Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and appearance of new traits Compare advantages of sexual and asexual reproduction in different situations Examine the use of DNA in forensics, medicine, and agriculture

DNA AND ITS BASES

How is RNA different from DNA? n n n RNA is single stranded RNA contains uracil instead of thymine RNA contains ribose instead of deoxyribose

MAKE-UP OF DNA

Important Processes involving DNA and RNA n n n Replication: DNA makes _________ an exact copy of itself Transcription: A ______ copy is made from DNA m. RNA Translation: m. RNA and t. RNA are used to assemble _______ out of ______. proteins, amino acids

WHAT IS MITOSIS? NUCLEAR DIVISION PRODUCING TWO DUPLICATE CELLS WITH THE SAME CHROMOSOME NUMBER 12 chromosomes…you If a cell with 12 chromosomes undergoes mitosis, are correct ! how many chromosomes will each of the two resulting cells have?

NAME THE STAGES PROPHASE

NAME THE STAGES METAPHASE

NAME THE STAGES ANAPHASE

NAME THE STAGES TELOPHASE

CAN YOU IDENTIFY THE NEXT TWO STAGES OF MITOSIS?

NAME THE STAGES ANAPHASE

NAME THE STAGES PROPHASE

What process occurs immediately after mitosis? n n n Cytokinesis When a cell is not in mitosis or cytokinesis, it is in _______ Interphase

How does meiosis differ from mitosis? MEIOSIS n has PMAT I and PMAT II n 4 cells are produced rather than 2 n Cells are haploid (one set of chromosomes) rather than diploid n New cells are called gametes (egg cells or sperm cells) n In egg cell formation, 3 useless polar bodies are formed, and 1 large egg cell

Genetics Freckles are dominant (F) n A man without freckles marries a woman who is heterozygous for freckles. What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes for the children? n

Answer Father is recessive, ff. Mother is Ff. n Male gametes are all f. Female gametes can either be F or f n Genotypes: Ff and ff. The children’s phenotypes: ½ with freckles, ½ without. n

Two people who have freckles produce a child without freckles. What is the genotype of the n child? n mother? n father n

Child’s genotype: ff n Mother’s genotype: Ff n Father’s genotype: Ff n

In pea plants, tall (T) is dominant to short (t) n n n n In a large batch of offspring from two parents, 50% of the offspring are tall and 50% are short. What are the parent’s genotypes? (a) TT and tt (b) TT and Tt (c) Tt and Tt (d) Tt and tt (e) cannot be determined

What are some factors that lead to genetic variation? n n n Crossing over during meiosis Mutation Random mating