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Get Started 1. A General Introduction 2. Focus In

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Get Started Greek culture dates back to the Neolithic Age (about 4000 BC). By its Bronze Age (about 2800 BC), Greek culture had come to a stage of substantial development in view of its ability to produce useful tools and articles and weapons in bronze, as were evidenced by the unearthed artifacts in the neighborhood of the Aegean Sea. The Aegean Civilization or the Stone and Bronze Age Civilization was thus shaped and included Cretan Civilization and Mycenaean Civilization, which appeared subsequently, with a high level of cultural development, as was demonstrated in its architecture, art and crafts as well as the pictographic script which had been used widely.

Get Started After the Dorian invasion, Greece was further divided into a number of tribes before they were organized into the citystates. The ancient Greek economy heavily depended on slave labor, the most popular resource for production at that time, and laid the foundation for the success of Greek culture. In the 5 th-4 th centuries BC, the slave-based democracy politics in Athens reached its peak during Pericles’ reign, providing a comparatively free environment for the development of Greek culture. However, split occurred between the two strongest city -states and wars among most poleis caused the decline of Greek Civilization, and it was conquered by Roman Empire before 146 BC.

Get Started Historically, Greek culture is of a rich variety, lasting value and wide influence around the world. Under the administration of the city government and its stimulation on cultural exchange, cultural prosperity rose up in architecture, philosophy, literature, arts and sports. Such an intellectual climate hence led to the emergence of a number of famous philosophers, artists and historians who produced their remarkable contributions to Greek Civilization.

Get Started l l l To get a brief view of the history and development of Greek Civilization To be familiar with Greek culture in mythology, religion, philosophy, history, literature and arts To know some representative philosophers and their contributions

Text Study I. The Early Period of Greek Civilization II. The Development and the End of Greek Civilization III. Greek Culture

Text Study Main Ideas Ages Characters & Cultural Achievements Stage 1: Cretan Prehistorical Civilization Age (5000 years ago) l 2600 BC– 2000 BC, the Neolithic l 2000 BC– 1600 BC, social classes appeared; Minos－a unified country from smaller city-states. During 1600 BC– 1125 BC, Minoan Dynasty was weakened and toppled. l

Text Study Main Ideas Stage 2: Mycenae was a country where slaves Mycenaean were commonly used in agricultural Pre. Civilization and handicraft production. Mycenaean historical culture benefited much from Cretan (ended in Age the 12 th culture on its social and economic century BC) development. The period is between the coming of the Greeks to Thessaly and the Greeks’ returning from Troy Heroic and culminates in the Trojan War. The Trojan War Age had helped to produce two famous epics, Odyssey and Iliad.

Text Study Main Ideas It was peopled with many legendary 1200 BC– Dark Age names like Hercules, Ajax, Achilles 800 BC and Agamemnon. the 8 th – It can be divided into three periods: Golden the archaic period, the central period the 4 th Age century BC and the period of dependence.

Text Study Interpretation of Cultural Terms The Neolithic 新石器时代: It is a period in the development of human technology, beginning in about 9500 BC in the Middle East that is traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age. The Neolithic is a measured progression of behavioral and cultural characteristics and changes, including the use of wild and domestic crops and the use of domesticated animals.

Text Study Interpretation of Cultural Terms Minos 米 诺 斯 : In Greek mythology, Minos was a king of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa. After his death, Minos became a judge of the dead in Hades. The Minoan Civilization of pre. Hellene Crete has been named after him by the archaeologist Arthur Evans.

Text Study Comprehension Exercises Multiple choice. (1) ____ is the major foundation in the Western culture and makes a powerful impact on the development of human civilization. A. Ancient European culture B. Ancient Greek culture C. Ancient Chinese culture D. Ancient Egyptian culture

Text Study Comprehension Exercises Multiple choice. (2) Greek culture can date back to____. A. the Neolithic Age B. the Bronze Age C. the Stone and Bronze Age D. the Old Stone Age

Text Study Comprehension Exercises Multiple choice. (3) Mycenaean culture was influenced the most by Cretan culture on ____. A. farming B. handicraft and trade C. religion D. philosophy

Text Study Comprehension Exercises Multiple choice. (4) The Trojan War broke out at the end of ____. A. the Heroic Age B. the Golden Age C. the Cretan Civilization D. the Mycenaean Civilization

Text Study Comprehension Exercises Multiple choice. (5) The first Olympiad began in the ____ period of the Golden Age. A. archaic B. central C. dependent D. dark

Text Study Think and Discuss Give a brief introduction to the Trojan War and check references to know more about the war. The Trojan War broke out at the end of the Mycenaean Civilization. All the city-states in Mycenae sent troops to help form a coalition army for the battles. Not long after the war, the Dorians from the northwest of Greece invaded and destroyed Mycenae in about the 12 th– 11 th centuries BC.

Text Study Think and Discuss Introduction from Wikipedia: In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, the king of Sparta. The war was among the most important events in Greek mythology and was narrated in many works of Greek literature, including the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer. The Iliad relates a part of the last year of the siege of Troy, while the Odyssey describes the journey home of Odysseus, one of the Achaean leaders. Other parts of the war were told

Text Study Think and Discuss in a cycle of epic poems, which has only survived in fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedies and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets like Virgil and Ovid. The war originated from a quarrel between the goddesses Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite, after Eris, the goddess of strife and discord, gave them a golden apple, sometimes known as the Apple of Discord, marked “for the fairest”. Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as “the fairest”, should receive the apple. In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the most beautiful of all

Text Study Think and Discuss women and wife of Menelaus, fall in love with Paris, who took her to Troy. Agamemnon, the king of Mycenae and the brother of Helen’s husband Menelaus, led an expedition of Achaean troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years because of Paris’ insult. After the deaths of many heroes, including the Achaeans Achilles and Ajax, and the Trojans Hector and Paris, the city fell to the ruse of the Trojan Horse. The Achaeans slaughtered the Trojans (except for some of the women and children whom they kept or sold as slaves) and desecrated the temples, thus earning the gods’ wrath. Few of the Achaeans returned safely to their homes and

Text Study Think and Discuss many founded colonies in distant shores. The Romans later traced their origin to Aeneas, one of the Trojans, who was said to have led the surviving Trojans to modern-day Italy. The ancient Greeks thought the Trojan War was a historical event that had taken place in the 13 th or 12 th century BC, and believed that Troy was located in modernday Turkey near the Dardanelles. By modern times both the war and the city were widely believed to be non-historical. In 1870, however, the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann excavated a site in this area which he identified as Troy; this claim is now accepted by most scholars.

Text Study Think and Discuss Whethere is any historical reality behind the Trojan War is an open question. Many scholars believe that there is a historical core to the tale, though this may simply mean that the Homeric stories are a fusion of various tales of sieges and expeditions by Mycenaean Greeks during the Bronze Age. Those who believe that the stories of the Trojan War derive from a specific historical conflict usually date it to the 12 th or 11 th century BC, often preferring the dates given by Eratosthenes, 1194 BC– 1184 BC, which roughly corresponds with archaeological evidence of a catastrophic burning of Troy VIIa.

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Text Study Main Ideas Since the 8 th Century BC, Greece stepped into an important period when iron tools were universally used as a substitute for bronze. With further coastal economic development, the city-states were founded one after another, numbering more than a hundred altogether in either Dorian or Ionian dominance. Among them, Athens and Sparta were the most developed and powerful. Later Miletus became an even larger and more important city than Athens after the Persian conquest of Asia Minor in the 6 th century BC. In politics, the newly founded city-states were usually ruled by the slave-owning aristocrats or kings who were formerly

Text Study Main Ideas formerly military leaders. But some states could be ruled by the archons such as Draco and Solon, Peisistratus and Cleisthenes, etc. , who would proceed with their reforms. Thus it led to a period of business and patriarchal aristocratic democracy. There were two legislatures during that period: one was the general assembly, known as the Ecclesia which passed policies, and the boule led by ten archons enforced them; the other was the supreme council which supervised and checked the behavior of the local officials and teachers. The strength of the system was the highly democratic features which controlled the power of aristocrats.

Text Study Main Ideas Greek Civilization came to its peak during Pericles’ reign and then began to decline, during which two wars broke out with profound meanings. One is the war between Greek citystates and Persian invaders (499 BC– 449 BC). The victory laid the foundation for the development and prosperity of Greece. However, peace and stability did not last long after the victory because a split occurred between the two strongest city-states (459 BC– 404 BC) , thus leading to the decline of Athens and most poleis involved in the war. Till 146 BC, the regions of Greek Peninsula and Aegean Sea islands were all seized and conquered by Roman troops and merged into the map of Roman Empire.

Text Study Interpretation of Cultural Terms ostracism 陶片放逐制: In ancient Greece, when a citizen was considered dangerous to the state, he would be banished for a certain number of years as a punishment, decided by popular votes. Now it relates to any social exclusion.

Text Study Interpretation of Cultural Terms Thebes 底比斯: A Mycenaean city, located in east-central Greece, northwest of Athens. It was at the height of power and splendour in the 4 th century BC. In 336 BC it was ruined by Alexander the Great.

Text Study Interpretation of Cultural Terms Sparta 斯巴达: an ancient Greek city-state of Dorian Greeks in the southeast Peloponnesus，which was widely known for its military power, and reached its peak in the 6 th century BC when Sparta defeated Athens in the Peloponnesian Wars (460– 404) and then became the leader of the union of Greek citystates before it was toppled by the Thebans in 371 BC

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Text Study Interpretation of Cultural Terms Justinian I (Justinian the Great) 查 士 丁 尼 一 世 : The emperor of Byzantium who resisted the Persian aggression at the eastern frontier of his empire and then re-occupied the former Roman territories in Africa, Italy and Spain. Eastern Orthodox Christians respects him as a saint.

Text Study Interpretation of Cultural Terms Cleon克里昂（? – 422 BC): One of the Athenian political and military leaders during the Peloponnesian War. He was the first prominent example of the commercial class who was considered as a warmonger and demagogue by his contemporaries.

Text Study Interpretation of Cultural Terms Pericles 伯利克里 (c. 495 BC – 429 BC): A famous and influential Athenian leader. He was called “the first citizen of Athens” by Thucydides, a historian. His reign (461 BC– 429 BC) was known as the “Age of Pericles”. He promoted the literature and arts and built many buildings. For this reason, Athens became the educational and cultural centre of ancient Greece. Furthermore, Pericles made contribution to the Athenian democracy.

Text Study Comprehension Exercises Please match the following names of political leaders to their reformist ideas. (1) Draco (2) Cleisthenes (3) Peisistratus (4) Solon (5) Pericles a. supreme council check the behavior of leaders b. punish trivial crimes with the death sentence c. abolish slave labor d. carry out legislative reform e. advocate peasants’ welfare and popular entertainments

Text Study Think and Discuss How did the ancient Greek Civilization develop in its long history? Firstly, early period of Greek Civilization: the development of Cretan and Mycenaean Civilization. Secondly, with the development of economy, many city-states were founded. Aristocratic rulers were trying to proceed their reforms in politics and legislations, which led to the prosperity of Greek Civilization. Last, after two wars, Greek Civilization came to its end.

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Text Study Main Ideas (1) Greek Mythology and Religion Greek mythology is based on a religion which took shape during the Homeric Age and was developed from animism and fetishism into polytheism. The religious tales became fully developed myths in the Homeric epic and thus contributed greatly to the later development of all Greek arts. In Greek myth, all the gods live on Mount Olympus. There’s a list of a group of 12 gods (The Olympians) who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans.

Text Study Main Ideas God & Goddess Zeus Character the heavenly king of the gods and ruler of mankind Poseidon the moody god of the seas Hades the gloomy god of the underworld Hestia the calm goddess of the hearth Hera the mature goddess of the family Ares the fierce god of the war Athena the sophisticated goddess of wisdom and arts

Text Study Main Ideas Apollo the youthful god of the sun and the music Aphrodite the sensual goddess of love and beauty Hermes the cunning god of the trade Artemis the wild goddess of the hunt Hephaestus the ill-favored god of metallurgy

Text Study Main Ideas (2) Greek Philosophy Greek philosophy emerged from the bondage of religion and went through a process of fruitful theoretical research combined with practical experience before it achieved its high point in the history of human intellectual development. It has influenced much of Western thought with a wide variety of subjects, including political philosophy, ethics, metaphysics, ontology, logic, biology, rhetoric and aesthetics.

Text Study Main Ideas Early Greek Philosophers and Their Noble Ideas School Name Thales Main Idea The world originated in water and predicted a total eclipse of the sun. The origin of everything in the Anaximander world is unlimited and all things split into two opposites. Materialism Heraclitus Fire is the fundamental substance in the universe, and the universe is in a state of ongoing change, struggle or flux.

Text Study Main Ideas Materialism Democritus Idealism Material world is composed of tiny, inseparable particles called atoms. Pythagoras Everything is numbers. And it is possible to acquire mystical knowledge. Protagoras Man is the measure of all things.

Text Study Main Ideas The Most Influential Philosophers in Greece Life & Main Notable Name Works Achievements Interests Ideas Socrates a classical epistemology, Socratic (470 BC Greek Athenian ethics method, dialogues – 399 BC) philosopher, Socratic written by one of the irony his founders of students Western Plato and philosophy Xenophon

Text Study Main Ideas Plato a classical (427 BC – Greek 347 BC) philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, founder of the Academy in Athens, and one of the founders of Western philosophy and science rhetoric, art, Platonic literature, realism epistemology, justice, virtue, politics, education, family, militarism writer of philosophical dialogues, Apology, Protagoras, Gorgias, Phaedo, Symposium, Padres, The Republic, The Law

Text Study Main Ideas Aristotle a Greek physics, golden The Categories, (384 BC philosopher, metaphysics, mean, The Peri – 322 BC) a student of poetry, reason, Hermeneias, The Plato, one theatre, logic, Prior Analytics, of the most music, syllogism, The Posterior important rhetoric, passion Analytics, Topics founding politics, and the Sophistical figures in government, Refutations, Western ethics, Physics, The philosophy biology, Politics, On the zoology Parts of Animals, Zoology and History of Animals

Text Study Main Ideas (3) Literature Greek literature is considered to consist of epic, lyrical poetry and drama. Category Type Epic Poetry Writer’s Name Homer Character Works narrative poems Iliad, about the period Odysseus of Trojan War Lyric Callimachus elegiac poems Hymns

Text Study Main Ideas Poetry Lyric The Syracusan Woman, The Graces, The Sorceresses Theocritus hymns & epigrams Aratus hexameters Phenomena Nicander scientific poems Sappho love poems Pindar odes Theriaca the 14 Olympian Odes

Text Study Main Ideas Drama Prometheus Bound, The Persians, 70– 90 Agamemnon, The tragedies, Aeschylus Phrygians, The Seven only 7 against Thebes, The survived Suppliant Maidens Tragedy and The Oresteia Sophocles Oedipus the King, Electra and Antigone about Euripides women Andromache, Medea and Trojan Women

Text Study Main Ideas Drama sense of Comedy Aristophanes Knights comic

Text Study Main Ideas (4) History and Dissident Ideas Greek history has contributed considerably to the constitution of Greek and Western civilization with its abundant documents of a variety of historical events and figures scattered in social, political, military and cultural fields. The most famous historians are Herodotus(485 BC– 425 BC) and Thucydides(about 460 BC– 404 BC). l Herodotus is generally acknowledged as the first reputed historian of Greece. His writing Histories objectively describes the war between Persians and Greece.

Text Study Main Ideas l l Thucydides is generally acknowledged as one of the greatest of ancient Greece for his truthfulness, conciseness and imagination. History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the struggle between Athens and Sparta in the 5 th century BC, as the first recorded political and moral analysis of a nation’s war policies. Besides, Polybius produced Histories about Alexandria with 40 volumes in all, coving the growth of Rome in 120 years from the beginning of the First Punic War till the surrender of Greece. But unfortunately it hasn’t survived intact and only some fragments were preserved.

Text Study Main Ideas l As well, there were some dissident scholars in ancient Greece, whose viewpoints were quite abnormal or even different from the mainstream opinions of the day. Their chief representatives were Isocrates and Xenophon. Isocrates was a rhetorician, regarded as one of the ten Attic orators. In his time, he was probably the most influential rhetorician in Greece and made many contributions to rhetoric and education through his teaching and written works. His works are Panegyricus, Areopagiticus, On the Peace, etc. Xenophon was a Greek historian, soldier, mercenary, and a contemporary admirer of Socrates. He is known for his writings on the history of his own times, the 4 th century BC,

Text Study Main Ideas preserving the sayings of Socrates, and descriptions of life in ancient Greece and the Persian Empire. His works are Hellenica, Memorabilia, Apology, etc.

Text Study Main Ideas (5) Art and Science l Art Aspect Architecture Sculpture Painting Representatives Phidias Character the grandest building in Athens－Parthenon famous for its noble Myron, Polyclitus simplicity and calm grandeur vase decoration Stage 1: typical in mythological scenes

Text Study Main Ideas Stage 2: portrayal of elements of beauty in objects with mythological subjects Painting vase decoration Stage 3: various forms of technical skills developed in a number of schools in Athens, and other city-states

Text Study Main Ideas l Science Scientist Pytheas Hipparchus Fields Achievements explored the northern parts of Europe, measured shadows with the geography aid of a sort of sundial called a gnomon, and calculated the circumference of the earth perfected measuring instruments astronomy and calculated the movements of stars

Text Study Main Ideas Euclid established the science of plane mathematics geometry discovered the ratio of radius of a mathematics circle in mathematics, found out the Archimedes & physics relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere

Text Study Interpretation of Cultural Terms Mount Olympus 奥 林 匹 斯 山 : The highest mountain in Greece, well-known as the “home of the gods” in Greek mythology. The deities who dwelled on this mountain were ruled by Zeus, included his wife, his brothers, his sisters and his children.

Text Study Interpretation of Cultural Terms Thespis 泰斯庇斯: He was thought as a singer of dithyrambs by Aristotle. He won a great reputation for important innovations and reformation in Greek play. Today it is a general term for an actor. In some literature, he was depicted as the first wellknown actor in written plays on stage， and he introduced the first principal actor in addition to chorus. His great contribution to drama is his original Greek tragedy as we know today.

Text Study Interpretation of Cultural Terms Ptolemy 托勒密: An Egyptian dynasty ruled by Macedonian kings from 323 BC to 30 BC. The Ptolemies lasted the long period from Ptolemy I (367? – 283? ), who was ever a general in Alexander the Great’s army and then became the king of Egypt as Alexander’s successor (323– 285), to Ptolemy XV (47– 30), and who shared the throne (44– 30) with his mother, Cleopatra.

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Text Study Interpretation of Cultural Terms The Battle of Cnidus 奈达斯战役 (394 BC): The naval battle which happened in 394 BC between the joint Athenian-Persian fleet and the Spartan fleet. Finally the Spartan fleet was defeated owing to lack of the experience, thus breaking Sparta’s dream of naval supremacy. After this battle the anti. Spartan union was strengthened and attacked the Spartan hegemony during the Corinthian War.

Text Study Interpretation of Cultural Terms Myron 米隆 (c. 480 BC– 440 BC): A Greek sculptor, born in Eleutherae and lived in Athens. He was considered the first to achieve lifelike representation in Art. He is well-known for his bronze sculpture of athletes in action. However, nowadays only two of his works are left, including the group of Athena and Marsyas, and the “Discobolos” (Discus Thrower).

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Text Study Interpretation of Cultural Terms Polyclitus 波利克里托斯: A noted Greek bronze sculptor in the 5 th and the early 4 th centuries BC. He belonged to the school of Argos. His works included the colossal gold and ivory statue of Hera，a famous bronze male nude known as the “Doryphoros” (“Spear-carrier”) and other statues “Discobolus” (“Discus-bearer”), “Diadumenos” (“Diadem-wearer”). Under the influence of Polyclitus and Phidias, the Classical Greek style was created and shaped, modelled on Polykleitos’ school which lasted for about three generations as the earliest one in Greek sculpture history.

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Text Study Comprehension Exercises Comprehension Exercise True of false question. F (1) The play Oedipus at Colonus was written by Aristophanes. __ F (2) Greek philosophy started with Aristotle. __ T (3) The famous bronze sculpture of athletes, Discus Thrower, __ was created by Myron. F (4) Euclid discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the __ relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere. T (5) The chief Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and __ Aristotle.

Text Study Think and Discuss (1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science. Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.

Text Study Think and Discuss Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC– 547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism. The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship” and “courage”.

Text Study Think and Discuss Plato established the Academy － the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic” which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is　 also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity.

Text Study Think and Discuss Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public. In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.

Text Study Think and Discuss (2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples. Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture. Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.

Text Study Think and Discuss The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i. e. , human society and the natural world. Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of

Text Study Think and Discuss the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.

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Supplementary Resources 1. Further Reading 2. Reference Books

Supplementary Resources Passage 1 Daphne was a lovely blooming fairy maiden. As she was playing merrily in the woods one day she saw Apollo, the sungod, staring at her with more than amazement and admiration in his eyes. The beaming face of the sun put her to flight. The eager Apollo followed her closely behind，calling out to her to stop. His passion had been lighted by her beauty and grace. He was afraid that this might be the last time he saw her. The quickfooted maiden made the best of her legs, but the passionate Apollo

Supplementary Resources Passage 1 Apollo pressed hard upon her. Through fields and pathless woods she ran，but the sound of his pursuing feet ever grew nearer. As he ran he begged his beloved maiden to slow down, for he feared that she might fall and hurt her sparkling skin on the rocky roads. But the escaping maiden never cared so much about that. She even threw one glance backwards. At last she was quite breathless and cried to her father, a river god，for help. No sooner had her prayer been uttered than answered，for she had instantly found herself glued to the ground a layer of soft bark growing over her fair skin. She had been turned into

Supplementary Resources Passage 1 a laurel tree (月桂树). Sighing, Apollo put his arms around the tree trunk. The trunk responded by turning thinner. To show his undying love for the maiden，he decided that the laurel would be his favorite tree and should be the prize of honour and fame for deathless poets and poetry. Thus the most outstanding poet always desires to be made a poet laureate (桂冠诗人). (from Greek Mythology)

Supplementary Resources Passage 1 Question: Could you describe what kind of person Apollo is according to the short tale?

Supplementary Resources Passage 2 The Apple of Discord The Trojan War has its roots in the marriage between Peleus (珀琉斯，阿耳戈俊杰之一；忒提丝的丈夫，阿喀琉斯之父) and Thetis (忒提斯，塞蒂斯海的女神之一，是珀琉斯的妻子 和阿奇勒思的母亲), a sea-goddess. Peleus and Thetis had not invited Eris (厄 里 斯 ， 不 和 的 女 神 ， 夜 女 神 的 女 儿 ), the goddess of discord, to their marriage and the outraged goddess stormed into the wedding banquet and threw a golden apple onto the table. The apple belonged to, Eris said, whomever was the fairest. Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite each reached for the apple.

Supplementary Resources Passage 2 Zeus proclaimed that Paris (帕里斯，特洛伊王子), prince of Troy and thought to be the most beautiful man alive, would act as the judge. Hermes went to Paris, and Paris agreed to act as the judge. Hera promised him power, Athena promised him wealth, and Aphrodite promised the most beautiful woman in the world. Paris chose Aphrodite, and she promised him that Helen, wife of Menelaus (墨涅拉俄斯，特洛伊战争中的希腊高级将领。阿 特柔斯之子，阿伽门农的弟弟，海伦的丈夫), would be his wife. Paris then prepared to set off for Sparta to capture Helen.

Supplementary Resources Passage 2 Twin prophets (先知) Cassandra and Helenus tried to persuade him against such action as his mother, Hecuba, did. But Paris would not listen and he set off for Sparta. In Sparta, Menelaus, husband of Helen, treated Paris as a royal guest. However, when Menelaus left Sparta to go to a funeral, Paris abducted Helen (who perhaps went willingly) and also carried off much of Menelaus’ wealth. In Troy, Helen and Paris were married. This occured around 1200 BC. (from The Trojan War)

Supplementary Resources Passage 2 Question: Do you know the reason of the Trojan War?

Supplementary Resources l l l Powell, Barry B. 2004. Homer. Malden, Mass. : Blackwell. Simon During (ed. ). 1999. The Cultural Studies Reader, Routsledge. Norman Davies. 1997. Europe: A History. Pimplico. Robert C. Soloman and Kathleen M. Higgins. 1996. A short History of Philosophy. Oxford University Press. Robert Audi (general editor). 1999. The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Cambridge University Press.