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Question • Who is Andrew Johnson? Why is he imporant?

Answer • He was Lincoln’s Vice President. He took over Presidential Reconstruction after Lincoln was killed. He was impeached by Congress and then lost control of Reconstruction as a result.

Question • What is “Reconstruction? ”

Answer • It is the rebuilding of the South after the Civil War. • Socially: Civil Rights laws • Politically: New state governments • Economically: Rebuilding cities and factories

Question • Who were the Radical Republicans?

Answer • They were a faction in congress that believed that the South should be punished and that the US government should use its power to produce sweeping changes in the South, such as giving Freedmen equal rights. • This group was able to wrestle control of Reconstruction from Pres. Johnson and controlled it for the rest of the period.

Question • What is the Wade-Davis Bill?

Answer • It was a bill that was introduced in Congress as a reaction to Lincoln’s easy terms for letting the Southern states back into the Union. • It demanded loyalty oaths from 50% of a state’s population. • It also demanded that these oaths be “ironclad. ” This meant that one could not have helped the Confederacy in any way. • Lincoln killed the bill by refusing to sign it.

Question • What was the Freedmen’s Bureau?

Answer • It was a government agency that was created to smooth Freedmen’s transition from slavery to freedom.

Question • What were Black Codes?

Answer • These were laws that were passed by new governments of Southern States early in Reconstruction. • These are different then Jim Crow laws which came after Reconstruction. • These laws sought to directly re-enslave African Americans without directly making them slaves. • In response, the federal government dissolved these state government and cancelled the Black Codes, forcing the 13 th-15 th amendments on the Southern states.

Question What is the 13 th Amendment?

Answer • No more slavery.

Question • What is the 14 th Amendment?

Answer • African Americans are citizens of the United States and should be treated equally by the law.

Question • What is the 15 th Amendment?

Answer • African American males have the right to vote.

Question • What is a “Carpetbagger? ”

Answer • This is a white Northerner who came south after the war to help with Reconstruction. • Many Carpetbaggers worked for the Freedmen’s Bureau, in state and local governments, or held office in the South.

Question • What is sharecropping? How did it “reenslave” many African Americans?

Answer • Sharecropping was an arrangement between former slave and former master. The freedmen rented land on his master’s plantation. He paid his rent at the end of the year by giving his master a share of his crop. • The master supplied his tenants with the seed and materials they needed each spring, allowing them to go deep into debt. • This allowed the masters to use local law enforcement to force labor and obedience over the share-croppers.

Question • What was the Klux Klan?

Answer • It was a society of ex-Confederate soldiers organized around the idea of white supremacy. • It turned into a terrorist organization, which tried to frighten African Americans on election days to keep them at home.

Question • What is a “Redemption Government? ”

Answer • These are the governments that were elected after the collapse of Reconstruction and the withdrawal of federal troops from the South in 1877. • Theses governments promised to “redeem” the glory of the South which had been lost in the Civil War. • These governments largely resembled the governments that had voted the South out of the Union before the war.

Question • Who is Rutherford B. Hayes?

Answer • He was the Northern Republican candidate for the presidency in 1876. • He tied the Southern Democrat candidate. • He agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South and end Reconstruction in exchange for the presidency.

Question • What is the Compromise of 1876 (or 1877)?

Answer • Rutherford B. Hays was the Northern Republican candidate for the presidency in 1876. • He tied the Southern Democrat candidate. • He agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South and end Reconstruction in exchange for the presidency.

Question What is Presidential Reconstruction?

Answer • It was the plan for rebuilding the South when it was under the control of the presidents, Lincoln & Johnson.

Question • What is Congressional (or Radical) Reconstruction?

Answer • It was the plan to rebuild the South when the faction in Congress, the Radical Republicans, was in control.

Question • What is the Amnesty Act of 1872?

Answer • It granted a general pardon to all who served in the Confederate government or army. • It allowed these people to begin voting and holding office again. • This lead to the election of Redemption Governments and the adoption of voting restrictions and Jim Crow laws.

Question • What were Jim Crow laws?

Answer • Laws that sought to segregate, or separate whites from blacks in public spaces, such as trains and hotels.

Question • What were some of the challenges the U. S. faced in rebuilding the South after the Civil War?

Answer 1. 2. 3. 4. Who is in charge? (both North and South) Cities and factories in ruins What happens to the slaves? Violence against African Americans

Question • Explain Lincoln’s 10%. What were its key features?

Answer • 10% of a state’s population must sign a loyalty oath. • Loyalty Rule vs. Majority Rule (only those who have signed a loyalty oath can vote or hold office) • Freedmen’s Bureau • 13 th Amendment

Question • How is “loyalty rule” different from “majority rule? ”

Answer • Loyalty Rule: Only those who have signed a loyalty oath can vote or hold office. This means those who are elected do not fit the will of the people. • Majority Rule: Everyone who is eligible can vote and whoever gets the majority wins. This means that those who are elected fit the will of the people.

Question • Explain the pro’s and con’s of Lincoln’s Reconstruction

Answer Pro’s Con’s

Question • Describe the services offered by the Freedmen’s Bureau to Freedmen.

Answer • • • Provide Employment Build Churches and Schools (also run them) Negotiate contracts with employers Protect newly acquired rights Separate courts to provide fairer justice.

Question • What laws are associated with Congressional (or Radical Reconstruction)?

Answer • • 14 th Amendment 15 th Amendment Reconstruction Act Enforcement (KKK) Act

Question • What is the Enforcement Act of 1871 and what effect did it have on Reconstruction?

Answer • It committed federal troops to enforcing Freedmen’s right to vote. • This allowed the U. S. government to go after the KKK, which tried to keep Freedmen on Election Day. • This allowed African Americans to elect politicians sympathetic to their cause. This allowed a lot of changes to be made in the South.

Question • What is Reconstruction Act of 1867 and what effect did it have on Reconstruction?

Answer • It divided the South into 5 military districts governed by a general. • This treated the Southern states as conquered territories. • This allowed Radical Republicans to demand changes to the constitutions of Southern states before they were let back into the Union. • This is probably a large reason why the 14 th and 15 th Amendments were ratified.

Question • What was “Black Rule” why was this so upsetting to many Southerners?

Answer • It was the belief held by many white Southerners that African Americans were taking over every level of government and they would use this new power to hurt their former oppressors. • This belief was held under Lincoln, when ex. Confederates were not allowed to vote or hold office. Once general amnesty was declare, the pent up anger over “black rule” lead to the creation of Redemption Governments and Jim Crow laws.

Question • Why was the Panic of 1873 an important step in the collapse of Reconstruction?

Answer • Because many Northern Whites did not like the idea of losing their jobs to cheaper Freedmen labor. • This lead to a sharp decline in support for Reconstruction in the North.

Question • How did Grant’s administration contribute to the collapse of Reconstruction?

Answer • He was the president during the time of Radical Reconstruction. He enforced many of the sweeping laws that were pasted during this time. • His administration has such trouble with corruption that he lost his credibility with the public. It became hard for him to enforce the increasingly unpopular laws.

Question • Explain different methods that were used to stop African Americans from voting.

Answer 1. Poll Tax 2. Terror (night riding, KKK) 3. Literacy Tests

Question • Explain the outcome of the Plessey vs. Ferguson trial. What is “Separate but equal? ” What effect did this have on African American rights?

Answer • Plessey v. Ferguson was an important Supreme Court decision. • Plessey decided to challenge segregation on trains. • He also wanted to test the 14 th Amendment promise that the laws should apply equally to everyone. • The Supreme Court said segregation was okay, because it is possible to be “separate, but equal. ” • This led to 50 more years of segregation in the South.